Measuring Green Productivity: a proposal measure

Maciel, Dayanna dos Santos Costa; Freitas, Lúcia Santana de

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Original Article • Gest. Prod. 26 (1) • 2019 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-530X1618-19 copy

Measuring Green Productivity: a proposal measure

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Green Productivity aims to ensure environmental protection by doing profitable business through a multidisciplinary, systematic and holistic approach, recognizing that the environment and development are two sides of the same coin. In this sense, the present study aims to propose a model for the measurement of the level of Organizational Green Productivity through the environmental problems generated by productive activities and the concern of organizations to align their productivity to environmental protection. This is an exploratory and bibliographical research. The proposed model allows, through calculation of productivity and environmental impact, to verify the situation of the organizations and their level in this type of productivity, being able to be classified as: high, medium and low, supporting the identification of measures that come to contribute to the improvement of this level.

Keywords:
Productivity; Environmental responsibility; Measuring performance

Author	Objective of the study	Contributions	Limitations
Kim & Hur (2003) Kim, I., & Hur, T. (2003). An attempt to measure Green Productivity . Tokyo: Asian Productivity Organization. Recuperado em 26 de abril de 2013, de http://www.apo-tokyo.org/gp/manila_conf02/resource_papers/narrative/tak_hur.pdf http://www.apo-tokyo.org/gp/manila_conf...	Present an index that is an indicator of Green Productivity and that allows to compare products, services and productive processes.	Theoretical and Empirical study. - Supply of theoretical basis for the measurement of Green Productivity from an index, the IGP (Green Productivity Index); - Define that the Green Productivity is the result of the inversely proportional relation between two constructs (productivity and environmental impact).	- Quantitative work that did not present, into the perspective of the GP, a qualitative analysis that would aid in the description of the productive process of the studied petrochemical company and in which the index was applied; - It considers only as constructs of the GP the productivity and the environmental impact, which have specific forms of measurement for its use in the IGP.
Hur et al. (2004) Hur, T., Kim, I., & Yamamoto, R. (2004). Measurement of green productivity and its improvement. Journal of Cleaner Production, 12(1), 673-683. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2003.08.004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.200...	To propose a measurement and improvement approach of the GP through the calculation of the IGP and RGP for the comparison of alternatives of Green Productivity in the process of manufacture of polystyrene.	Theoretical and empirical study - Development of theory and practice of GP metrics; - Provides base for researchers in thedefinition of GP indexes for calculation of Productivity performance in productive processes.	- From the perspective of the GP, a qualitative analysis is lacking to assist in the evaluation of a productive system; - The proposal is restricted to the IGP definition at the production process level. - It does not evaluate GP aspects at the organization level.
Sampattagul et al. (2004) Sampattagul, S., Kimura, Y., Sadamichi, Y., Widiyanto, A., Maruyama, N., & Kato, S. (2004). An integrated life cycle eco-improvement and nets-green productivity index of vending machines. Japan: ACLCA. Recuperado em 22 de junho de 2013, de http://lcacenter.org/inlca2004/papers/Sampattagul_S_paper.pdf http://lcacenter.org/inlca2004/papers/S...	Analyze and estimate numerically the environmental loads related to the life cycle of the beverage vending machines.	Empirical study - Dissemination of the application of RGP metrics to evaluate alternatives that can minimize environmental impacts; - Use of GP to evaluate the reduction of environmental loads during the manufacture of a product.	- The applied methodology did not consider in the metric the economic aspects of the life cycle of the machines; - The proposal is restricted to the use of GP at the product level; - It does not evaluate aspects of the GP at the organization level, which could influence the environmental loads.
Henson & Culaba (2004) Henson, R. P., & Culaba, A. B. (2004). A diagnostic model for green productivity assessment of manufacturing processes. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment , 9(6), 93-106.	It proposes to develop a diagnostic model for the quantification of GP in manufacturing processes through software as an intelligent support for decision taking.	Theoretical study; - It shows that GP generates opportunities to improve resource utilization and waste reduction in industry; - Integration of tools in the application of GP.	- Limited analysis to the environmental construct, lacking to incorporate economic aspects; - Application of the GP restricted to the production process.
Gandhi et al. (2006) Gandhi, N. M., Selladurai, V., & Santhi, P. (2006). Green productivity indexing: a practical step towards integrating environmental protection into corporate performance. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 55(7), 594-606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17410400610702179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/1741040061070...	Application of IGP for the choice of product alternatives.	Theoretical and empirical - Adapting the model of Kim & Hur (2003) Kim, I., & Hur, T. (2003). An attempt to measure Green Productivity . Tokyo: Asian Productivity Organization. Recuperado em 26 de abril de 2013, de http://www.apo-tokyo.org/gp/manila_conf02/resource_papers/narrative/tak_hur.pdf http://www.apo-tokyo.org/gp/manila_conf... in order to use the IGP to compare products; Until then it had only been used to compare processes.	- Definitions of environmental impacts were restricted to only three variables; - Only production costs are included in the calculations; - Use of Green Productivity just to evaluate product, it does not involve aspects of the organization as a whole.
Singgih et al. (2010) Singgih, M. L., Suef, M., & Putra, C. A. (2010). Waste reduction with Green Productivity approach for increasing productivity: case study: PT Indopherin Jaya. In Proceedings of the Asia Pacific Industrial Engineering and Management Systems Conference . Melaka: APIEMS.	Apply Green Productivity to reduce waste and increase productivity.	Empirical study - Linkage of waste reduction (aspect linked to the environmental protection and reduction of resource consumption) to the productivity into the perspective of GP.	- Restricted results to the economic quantification of residues and their linkage with productivity; - Application of the GP restricted to the production process.
Sittichinnawing & Peerapattana (2012) Sittichinnawing, A., & Peerapattana, P. (2012). Green productivity index of cayenne pepper production (case study in Nongkhai province). In Proceedings of the 1st Mae Fah Luang University International Conference. Thailand: ACLCA.	Calculate the IGP for the production of pepper.	- Implementation of IGP in agriculture; - It highlights and quantifies the productivity and environmental impacts to calculate the IGP.	- IGP applied only for the productive process.
Lin et al. (2013) Lin, E. Y., Chen, P., & Chen, C. (2013). Measuring green productivity on country: a generalized met frontier Malmquist productivity index approach. Energy, 1(1), 1-14.	Measuring the Green Productivity in 70 countries in a period from 1981 to 2007.	Empirical study - The breadth of the studied countries allows the definition of a panorama in the studied period.	Difficult understanding of the quantitative methodology applied, due to the number of data presented.

Productivity	Productivity variation	Grouping of levels	Level of productivity
Very Low	0-0.2	(0 ≤P ≤0.2)	Low
Low	0.2-0.4	(0.2<P ≤ 0.8)	Medium
Medium	0.4-0.6
High	0.6-0.8
Very High	0.8-1	(0.8 < P≤1)	High

Magnitude	Criteria	Evaluation
Low	Negligible / restricted impact to the place of occurrence,eversible with immediate actions, without possibility of personal damages.	1
Medium	Considerable impact to the place of occurrence, reversible with mitigating actions, with reversible personal damages.	2
High	Impact of large extension and / or irreversible consequence, even with mitigating actions, with irreversible personal damages.	3

Detection	Criteria	Evaluation
Low	Immediate detection and company initiatives are sufficient to prevent the impact occurs.	1
Medium	Immediate detection and company initiatives are sufficient to contain and / or reduce the impact.	2
High	Immediate detection without company initiatives or these are not enough to prevent, contain or reduce the impact.	3

Intensity of impact org.	Variation of the general impact of org. (IA)
Low	1 ≤ IA ≤ 3.9
Medium	4 ≤ IA ≤ 6.9
High	7 ≤ IA ≤ 9

PRODUCTIVITY	Analysis from a sustainability perspective	ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT	Analysis from a sustainability perspective
L (Low)	(-) negative	L (Low)	(+) positive
M (Medium)	(+ -) more or less (positive or negative)	M (Medium)	(+ -) more or less (Positive or negative)
H (High)	(+) positive	H (High)	(-) negative

Productivity			Environmental impact			Situation of the company	Green Productivity level (GP)
Level (P)		Interval	Level (IA)		Interval	Situation of the company	Green Productivity level (GP)
H (High)	(+)	(0.8 < P≤1)	L (Low)	(+)	(1 ≤ IA ≤ 3.9)	OPTIMUM	HIGH
M (Medium)	(+ -)	(0.2< P ≤ 0.8)	L (Low)	(+)	(1≤ IA ≤ 3.9)	GOOD
H (High)	(+)	(0.8 < P≤1)	M (Medium)	(+ -)	(4 ≤ IA ≤ 6.9)	GOOD
L (Low)	(-)	(0 ≤ P ≤0.2)	L (Low)	(+)	(1 ≤ IA ≤ 3.9)	REGULAR	MEDIUM
M (Medium)	(+ -)	(0.2< P ≤ 0.8)	M (Medium)	(+ -)	(4 ≤ IA ≤ 6.9)	REGULAR
H (High)	(+)	(0.8 < P≤1)	H (High)	(-)	(7 ≤ IA ≤ 9)	REGULAR
M (Medium)	(+)	(0.2< P ≤ 0.8)	H (High)	(-)	(7 ≤ IA ≤ 9)	BAD	LOW
L (Low)	(-)	(0 ≤ P ≤0.2)	M (Medium)	(+ -)	(4 ≤ IA ≤ 6.9)	BAD
L (Low)	(-)	(0 ≤P ≤0.2)	H (High)	(-)	(7 ≤ IA ≤ 9)	AWFUL

Universidade Federal de São Carlos Departamento de Engenharia de Produção , Caixa Postal 676 , 13.565-905 São Carlos SP Brazil, Tel.: +55 16 3351 8471 - São Carlos - SP - Brazil
E-mail: gp@dep.ufscar.br

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[1] Source: Elaborated by the authors based in literature review.

Frequency	Criteria	Evaluation
Low	Impact improbable to occur.	1
Medium	Impact probable to occur.	2
High	Expected impact to occur.	3