Knowledge management maturity models: identification of gaps and improvement proposal

Escrivão, Giovana; Silva, Sergio Luis da

doi:10.1590/0104-530X3890-19

Giovana Escrivão

Departamento de Engenharia de Produção, Universidade Federal de São Carlos – UFSCar, Rod. Washington Luis, Km 235, SP-310, CEP 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brasil, e-mail: giescrivao@gmail.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6348-3199

Sergio Luis da Silva

Departamento de Ciência da Informação, Universidade Federal de São Carlos – UFSCar, Rod. Washington Luis, Km 235, SP-310, CEP 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brasil, e-mail: sergiol@ufscar.gmail.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5970-9386

STAGE 1 Functional Initiation	STAGE 2 Functional Specialization	STAGE 3 Internal Integration	STAGE 4 External Integration
Consciousness - Isolated use of tools in order to manage organizational knowledge.	Formalization - Development of infrastructure necessary to KM practice (systems, support, technology) - Strategy and planning of KM	Institutionalization - KM embedded on organizational culture - Control, monitoring, measuring and continuous improvement of KM practices	External network - KM practices integration to the external network - Partnership

AUTHOR/STUDY	DESCRIPTION OF THE RESEARCH	STAGES OF THE MODEL	FACTORS OF THE MODEL	CONTRIBUTIONS	LIMITATIONS
Klimko (2001)Klimko, G. (2001). Knowledge management and maturity models: building common understanding. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Knowledge Management (pp. 269-278). Southampton: ACPI. KM and MM: building common understanding.	-Describes stages based on theoretical review.	-Unconsciousness -Technology -Creation -Institutionalization -Partnership		-Describe stages.	-Limited to theoretical review. -Based on two-business model only.
Lee & Kim (2001)Lee, J. H., & Kim, Y. G. (2001). A stage model of organizational knowledge management: a latent content analysis. Expert Systems with Applications, 20(4), 299-311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0957-4174(01)00015-X. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0957-4174(01)... A stage model of organizational KM: a latent content analysis. Lee et al. (2001)Lee, J. H., Kim, Y. G., & Yu, S. (2001). Stage model for knowledge management. In Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (pp. 1-10). USA: Computer Society Press.Stage Model for KM. Lee & Kim (2005)Lee, D. Y., & Kim, Y. G. (2005). Validation of the knowledge management stage model: a triangulation approach. In Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. USA: IEEE.Validation of the KM stage model: a triangulation approach.	-Defines KMM factors through literature review and tests the model by means of case studies.	-Planning -Systems -Monitoring -Networking	-Organizational knowledge -Knowledge workers -Process of KM -Technology	-Confirms the existence of four stages. -Does not confirm temporal progression of stages. -Creates a list of management actions for each stage. -Author tests factors.	-Excludes factors considered too complex to measure (e.g., incentive).
Berztiss (2002)Berztiss, A. T. (2002). Capability maturity for knowledge management. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Database and Expert Systems Applications (pp. 162-166). USA: IEEE Computer Society. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/DEXA.2002.1045893. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/DEXA.2002.1045... Capability Maturity for KM.	-Suggests key process areas based on review of CMM theory (unlike other studies, this one identifies different factors at each stage, others identify the same set of factors present at all stages, despite having different emphasis on each stage).	-Gathering -Representation -External knowledge -Cost benefit	-Knowledge requirements management -Internal knowledge acquisition -Uncertainty awareness -Training -Knowledge representation -Knowledge engineering techniques -User access and profiling -Integrated KMKE process -External knowledge Acquisition -Qualitative cost/benefit analysis -Technical change management -Qualitative cost/benefit analysis	-Suggests key process areas for KMM.	-Limited to theoretical review. -Does not include factors widely cited on the literature (e.g., incentive).
Kulkarni & Louis (2003)Kulkarni, U., & Louis, R. S. (2003). Organizational self-assessment of knowledge management maturity. In Proceedings of the Americas Conference on Information Systems. USA: AMCIS. Organizational self-assessment of KMM.	-Identifies key areas and goals for each stage by means of a pilot and identifies goals and practices specific to each key area by means of a survey.	-Assets identification -Consciousness and culture -Systems and activities -Tools and training -Actualization	-Lessons learned -Knowledge documents -Data -Expertise	-Suggests key areas, goals and practices for KMM.	-Sample is not representative. -Does not include factors widely cited on the literature.
Hsieh et al. (2004)Hsieh, Y., Hun, Y., & Chou, S. T. (2004). On constructing a knowledge management maturity model. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Knowledge Economy and Electronic Commerce (pp. 289-302). USA: ACM. On Constructing a KMMM.	-Analyzes KM factors through case study.	-Unconsciousness -Technology and structure -Formalization and integration -Control and measurement	-Acquisition -Conversion -Protection -Application -Structure -Technology -Culture	-Suggests factors for KMM.	-Does not include factors widely cited on the literature.
Feng (2005)Feng, J. (2005). Constructing a knowledge management maturity model from perspective of knowledge management. In Proceedings of the International Engineering Management Conference (pp. 912-917). USA: IEEE. Constructing a KMMM from perspective of KM. Feng (2006)Feng, J. (2006). A knowledge management maturity model and application. In Proceedings of the Technology Management for the Global Future (pp. 1251-1255). USA: IEEE. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/PICMET.2006.296693. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/PICMET.2006.29... A KMMM and application.	-Defines enablers and processes based on theoretical review and diagnoses an organization by means of a case study.	-Planning -Formalization -Control and evaluation -Continuous improvement -Improvement continuous	-Creation -Storage -Dissemination -Application	-Suggests factors for KMM.	-Does not include factors widely cited on the literature. -Limited to diagnosis of one organization.
Aggestam (2006)Aggestam, L. (2006). Towards a maturity model for learning organizations: the role of knowledge management. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Database and Expert Systems Applications (pp. 141-145). USA: IEEE Computer Science. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/DEXA.2006.138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/DEXA.2006.138... Towards a MM for learning organizations: the role of KM.	-Defines factors based on experience at an organization.	-Begin -KM -Organizational learning -Learning organization	-Culture -Leadership -Vision -Organizational Learning -Process and activities -Internal components (technology etc) -External components (competitors etc) -Organizational memory	-Suggests factors for KMM.	-Based only on professional experience. -Limited to theoretical review.
Isaai & Amin-Moghadan (2006)Isaai, M. T., & Amin-Moghadan, A. (2006). A framework to assessment and promotion of knowledge management maturity model enterprise: modeling and case study. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Management of Innovation and Technology (pp. 163-165). USA: IEEE. A framework to assessment and promotion of KMMM enterprise: modeling and case study.	-Develops a model based on theoretical review and diagnoses an organization (differs from most models; it does not require an order).	-Consciousness -Strategy -Initiatives -Support -Institutionalization	-Leadership -Structure and Culture -Business process -Tacit knowledge -Explicit knowledge -Knowledge hubs -Market power -Measurement and tools -People and skills -Technology infrastructure	-Suggests key-processes for KMM.	-Limited to diagnose of one organization.
Teah et al. (2006)Teah, H. Y., Pee, L. G., & Kankanhalli, A. (2006). Development and application of a general knowledge management maturity model. In Proceedings of the Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems (pp. 401-416). USA: AIS. Development and application of a general KMMM. Pee & Kankanhalli (2009)Pee, L. G., & Kankanhalli, A. (2009). A model of knowledge organizational management maturity: based on people, process and technology. Journal of Information and Knowledge Management, 8(2), 79-99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/S0219649209002270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/S0219649209002... A model of knowledge organizational management maturity: based on people, process and technology.	-Develops a model based on theoretical review. -Diagnoses departments of an organization by means of interviews.	-Unconsciousness -Consciousness -Infrastructure -Initiatives -Integration	-People -Process -Technology	-Proposes that areas of key processes of an organization can be at different stages (one factor may be more developed than another).	- Limited to diagnose of organizations.
Phelps et al. (2007)Phelps, R., Adams, R., & Bessant, J. (2007). Life cycles of growing organizations: a review with implications for knowledge and learning. International Journal of Management Reviews, 9(1), 1-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2007.00200.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.20... Life cycles of growing organizations: a review with implications for knowledge and learning.	-Identifies KM problems (organizations need to solve these problems in order to reach maturity).	-Unconsciousness -Consciousness -New knowledge -Implementation	-People management -Obtaining financing -Formal systems -Strategy -Market entry	-Identifies problems that hinder KMM.	-Exclude non-measurable factors. -Does not include factors widely cited on the literature. -Limited to theoretical review.
Kruger & Snyman (2007)Kruger, C. J., & Snyman, M. M. M. (2007). Guideline for assessing the knowledge management maturity of organizations. South African Journal of Information, 9(3), 1-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajim.v9i3.34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajim.v9i3.34... Guideline for assessing the KMM of organizations. Kruger & Johnson (2010)Kruger, C. J., & Johnson, R. D. (2010). Principles in knowledge management maturity: a South African perspective. Journal of Knowledge Management, 14(4), 540-556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13673271011059518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13673271011059... Principles in KMM: a South African perspective.	-Devises a questionnaire to investigate KMM based on theoretical review and on a questionnaire developed by OCDE’s Public Administration Service, test the questionnaire and diagnoses companies.	-TIC -Formalization -Consciousness -Strategic management -Applying		-Tests a questionnaire for investigation of KMM. -Confirms importance of some factors to KMM.	-Limited to diagnose of organizations.
Lin (2007)Lin, H. F. (2007). A stage model of knowledge management: an empirical investigation of process and effectiveness. Journal of Information Science, 33(6), 643-659. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165551506076395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01655515060763... A stage model of KM: an empirical investigation of process and effectiveness. Lin (2011)Lin, H. (2011). Antecedents of the stage-based knowledge management evolution. Journal of Knowledge Management, 15(1), 136-155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13673271111108747. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13673271111108... Antecedents of the stage-based KM evolution.	-Proposes factors to develop KMM and conducts a pretest and a survey at an organization in order to confirm them and checks their impact at each KMM stage.	-Plan -Infrastructure -Network	-Knowledge acquisition -Knowledge conversion -Knowledge application -Knowledge protection -Individual level-effectiveness -Organizational level-effectiveness -Organizational support -IT diffusion	-Confirms KMM factors. -Checks relationship between factors and each stage.	-Does not include factors widely cited on the literature. -Does not analyze all factors together.
Rasula et al. (2008)Rasula, J., Vuksiae, V. B., & Stemberger, M. I. (2008). The integrated knowledge management maturity model. Zagreb International Review of Economics & Business, 11(2), 47-62. The integrated KMMM.	-Identifies factors in the theory, disregards those which cannot be measured or do not fit in any of the three main created categories and tests them by means of empirical research.	-Few activities -Resources -Structure -Improvement and measurement	-Knowledge accumulation -Knowledge acquisition -Knowledge sharing -Ownership of knowledge -Strategy, plans and KM systems -Organizational learning -Environment -People and organizational climate -Process -Capturing knowledge -Information technology tools	-Identifies KMM factors.	-Excludes non-measurable factors.
Gaál et al. (2008)Gaál, Z., Szabó, L., Kovács, Z., Obermayer-Kovács, N., & Csepregi, A. (2008). Knowledge management profile maturity model. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Knowledge Management (pp. 209-216). Southampton: ACPI. KM profile MM.	-Defines KM factors based on theoretical review and employ a survey conducted in conjunction with KPMG to diagnoses a group of companies.	-Consciousness -Inventory -Sharing -Technology -Information -Network -Infrastructure		-Identifies KMM factors.	-Does not include factors widely cited on the literature. -Limited to diagnose of organizations.
Grundstein (2008)Grundstein, M. (2008). Assessing the enterprise’s knowledge management maturity level. International Journal of Knowledge and Learning, 4(5), 415-426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJKL.2008.022060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJKL.2008.0220... Assessing the enterprise’s KMM level.	-Defines KM factors and creates a description of stages from the analysis of an IT good practices guide.	-Unconsciousness -Consciousness -Intuitive -Formalization -Control and measure -Best practices	-Sociotechnical environment -Value adding-process -Managerial guide principals -Ad hoc infrastructure -KM generic processes -Learning processes -Methods and supporting tools	-Identifies KM factor.	-Based on IT specificities.
Oliveira et al. (2010)Oliveira, M., Pedron, C. D., & Maçada, A. C. G. (2010). Knowledge management implementation in stages: the case of organizations in Brazil. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Knowledge Management (pp. 1-8). Southampton: ACPI. KM implementation in stages: the case of organizations in Brazil.	-Analyzes KMMM from the literature, defines factors cited in them, and summarizes and combines two KMM in order to diagnoses two organizations.		-Technology -Culture -Support of top management -Team and leadership -Tacit and explicit knowledge -Alignment between KM and business goals -KM goals -Rewards systems -External environment -Training -Financing -Communication -Critical knowledge	-Identifies KMM factors.	-Limited to the diagnosis of two organizations.
Oliva (2014)Oliva, F. L. (2014). Knowledge management barriers, practices and maturity model. Journal of Knowledge Management, 18(6), 1053-1074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JKM-03-2014-0080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JKM-03-2014-00...	-Identifies barriers and practices associated with KM.	-Insufficient -Structured -Oriented -Integrative	-Organization -Information -Culture -Participation -Engagement	-Creates a KMMM based on barriers and practices identified.	-Not empirically validated.
Serna (2015)Serna, M. E. (2015). Maturity model of transdisciplinary knowledge management. International Journal of Information Management, 35(6), 647-654. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2015.07.002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.20... MM of transdisciplinary KM.	-Proposes a transdisciplinary KMM by means of theoretical review. -Is oriented to strengthen the social benefits of transdisciplinary research.	-Predisposed -Reaction -Evaluation -Organized -Optimized		-Brings an original propose to KMMM.	-Not empirically validated.
Abu Naser et al. (2016a)Abu Naser, S. S., Al Shobaki, M. J., & Abu Amuna, Y. M. (2016a). Knowledge management maturity in universities and its impact on performance excellence: comparative study. Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 3, 4-14. KMM in universities and its impact on performance excellence. Abu Naser et al. (2016b) Abu Naser, S. S., Al Shobaki, M. J., & Abu Amuna, Y. M. (2016b). Measuring knowledge management maturity at HEI to enhance performance-an empirical study at Al-Azhar University in Palestine. International Journal of Commerce and Management Research, 2(5), 55-62. Measuring KMM at HEI to enhance performance-an empirical study at Al-Azhar University in Palestine.	-Uses KMM to measure performance in two universities.	-Reaction -Initiation level -Expansion -Refinement -Maturity	-Leadership -Process -People -Technology -Knowledge process -Learning and innovation -KM outcomes	-Identifies the most important factors affecting performance excellence.	-Does not include factors widely cited on the literature.
Arias-Pérez et al. (2016)Arias-Pérez, J., Tavera-Mesias, J., & Castano-Serna, D. (2016). Building a knowledge management maturity model for a multinational food company from an emerging economy. El Profesional de la Información, 25(1), 88-102. Building a KMMM for a multinational food company from an emerging economy.	-Proposes a KMMM by means of theoretical review and diagnosed an organization through survey and interviews.	-Initial -Exploratory -Used -Managed -Innovation	-Process -Technology -Strategy -Culture	-Theoretical review includes several KMMM.	-Limited to diagnose of organization.
Fashami & Babaei (2017)Fashami, C. S., & Babaei, M. (2017). A behavioral maturity model to establish knowledge management in an organization engineering. Technology & Applied Science Research, 7(3), 1725-1731. A Behavioral MM to establish KM in an organization.	-Identifies factors on behavioral maturity of managers in establishing KM through theoretical review, interviews with experts, and comparison of variables by academic and experts.		-Personnel empowerment -Training courses -Teamwork spirit -Decision-making power -Human and social skill -Trustful climate -Commitment and responsibility -Knowledge orientation -Quantitative management -Supportive behavior -Transformational leadership -Emotional intelligence -Stimulation and motivation	-Identify KMM factors.	-Does not include factors widely cited on the literature (e.g. culture).

FACTOR	Nº	AUTHORS
Process (acquisition, storage, conversion, creation, dissemination, application)	18	Lee et al. (2001)Lee, J. H., Kim, Y. G., & Yu, S. (2001). Stage model for knowledge management. In Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (pp. 1-10). USA: Computer Society Press., Lee & Kim (2001Lee, J. H., & Kim, Y. G. (2001). A stage model of organizational knowledge management: a latent content analysis. Expert Systems with Applications, 20(4), 299-311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0957-4174(01)00015-X. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0957-4174(01)... , 2005Lee, D. Y., & Kim, Y. G. (2005). Validation of the knowledge management stage model: a triangulation approach. In Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. USA: IEEE.), Berztiss (2002)Berztiss, A. T. (2002). Capability maturity for knowledge management. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Database and Expert Systems Applications (pp. 162-166). USA: IEEE Computer Society. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/DEXA.2002.1045893. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/DEXA.2002.1045... , Feng (2005Feng, J. (2005). Constructing a knowledge management maturity model from perspective of knowledge management. In Proceedings of the International Engineering Management Conference (pp. 912-917). USA: IEEE., 2006Feng, J. (2006). A knowledge management maturity model and application. In Proceedings of the Technology Management for the Global Future (pp. 1251-1255). USA: IEEE. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/PICMET.2006.296693. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/PICMET.2006.29... ), Teah et al. (2006)Teah, H. Y., Pee, L. G., & Kankanhalli, A. (2006). Development and application of a general knowledge management maturity model. In Proceedings of the Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems (pp. 401-416). USA: AIS., Aggestam (2006)Aggestam, L. (2006). Towards a maturity model for learning organizations: the role of knowledge management. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Database and Expert Systems Applications (pp. 141-145). USA: IEEE Computer Science. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/DEXA.2006.138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/DEXA.2006.138... , Kruger & Johnson (2010)Kruger, C. J., & Johnson, R. D. (2010). Principles in knowledge management maturity: a South African perspective. Journal of Knowledge Management, 14(4), 540-556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13673271011059518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13673271011059... , Kruger & Snyman (2007), Lin (2007)Lin, H. F. (2007). A stage model of knowledge management: an empirical investigation of process and effectiveness. Journal of Information Science, 33(6), 643-659. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165551506076395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01655515060763... , Rasula et al. (2008)Rasula, J., Vuksiae, V. B., & Stemberger, M. I. (2008). The integrated knowledge management maturity model. Zagreb International Review of Economics & Business, 11(2), 47-62., Grundstein (2008)Grundstein, M. (2008). Assessing the enterprise’s knowledge management maturity level. International Journal of Knowledge and Learning, 4(5), 415-426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJKL.2008.022060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJKL.2008.0220... , Gaál et al. (2008)Gaál, Z., Szabó, L., Kovács, Z., Obermayer-Kovács, N., & Csepregi, A. (2008). Knowledge management profile maturity model. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Knowledge Management (pp. 209-216). Southampton: ACPI., Pee & Kankanhalli (2009)Pee, L. G., & Kankanhalli, A. (2009). A model of knowledge organizational management maturity: based on people, process and technology. Journal of Information and Knowledge Management, 8(2), 79-99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/S0219649209002270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/S0219649209002... , Lin (2011)Lin, H. (2011). Antecedents of the stage-based knowledge management evolution. Journal of Knowledge Management, 15(1), 136-155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13673271111108747. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13673271111108... , Abu Naser et al. (2016a)Abu Naser, S. S., Al Shobaki, M. J., & Abu Amuna, Y. M. (2016a). Knowledge management maturity in universities and its impact on performance excellence: comparative study. Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 3, 4-14., Arias-Pérez et al. (2016)Arias-Pérez, J., Tavera-Mesias, J., & Castano-Serna, D. (2016). Building a knowledge management maturity model for a multinational food company from an emerging economy. El Profesional de la Información, 25(1), 88-102.
Technology (environment)	17	Lee et al. (2001)Lee, J. H., Kim, Y. G., & Yu, S. (2001). Stage model for knowledge management. In Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (pp. 1-10). USA: Computer Society Press., Lee & Kim (2001Lee, J. H., & Kim, Y. G. (2001). A stage model of organizational knowledge management: a latent content analysis. Expert Systems with Applications, 20(4), 299-311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0957-4174(01)00015-X. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0957-4174(01)... , 2005Lee, D. Y., & Kim, Y. G. (2005). Validation of the knowledge management stage model: a triangulation approach. In Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. USA: IEEE.), Feng (2005Feng, J. (2005). Constructing a knowledge management maturity model from perspective of knowledge management. In Proceedings of the International Engineering Management Conference (pp. 912-917). USA: IEEE., 2006Feng, J. (2006). A knowledge management maturity model and application. In Proceedings of the Technology Management for the Global Future (pp. 1251-1255). USA: IEEE. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/PICMET.2006.296693. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/PICMET.2006.29... ), Aggestam (2006)Aggestam, L. (2006). Towards a maturity model for learning organizations: the role of knowledge management. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Database and Expert Systems Applications (pp. 141-145). USA: IEEE Computer Science. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/DEXA.2006.138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/DEXA.2006.138... , Isaai & Amin-Moghadan (2006)Isaai, M. T., & Amin-Moghadan, A. (2006). A framework to assessment and promotion of knowledge management maturity model enterprise: modeling and case study. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Management of Innovation and Technology (pp. 163-165). USA: IEEE., Teah et al. (2006)Teah, H. Y., Pee, L. G., & Kankanhalli, A. (2006). Development and application of a general knowledge management maturity model. In Proceedings of the Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems (pp. 401-416). USA: AIS., Rasula et al. (2008)Rasula, J., Vuksiae, V. B., & Stemberger, M. I. (2008). The integrated knowledge management maturity model. Zagreb International Review of Economics & Business, 11(2), 47-62., Gaál et al. (2008)Gaál, Z., Szabó, L., Kovács, Z., Obermayer-Kovács, N., & Csepregi, A. (2008). Knowledge management profile maturity model. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Knowledge Management (pp. 209-216). Southampton: ACPI., Grundstein (2008)Grundstein, M. (2008). Assessing the enterprise’s knowledge management maturity level. International Journal of Knowledge and Learning, 4(5), 415-426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJKL.2008.022060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJKL.2008.0220... , Kruger & Johnson (2010)Kruger, C. J., & Johnson, R. D. (2010). Principles in knowledge management maturity: a South African perspective. Journal of Knowledge Management, 14(4), 540-556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13673271011059518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13673271011059... , Kruger & Snyman (2007), Pee & Kankanhalli (2009)Pee, L. G., & Kankanhalli, A. (2009). A model of knowledge organizational management maturity: based on people, process and technology. Journal of Information and Knowledge Management, 8(2), 79-99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/S0219649209002270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/S0219649209002... , Oliveira et al. (2010)Oliveira, M., Pedron, C. D., & Maçada, A. C. G. (2010). Knowledge management implementation in stages: the case of organizations in Brazil. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Knowledge Management (pp. 1-8). Southampton: ACPI., Abu Naser et al. (2016a)Abu Naser, S. S., Al Shobaki, M. J., & Abu Amuna, Y. M. (2016a). Knowledge management maturity in universities and its impact on performance excellence: comparative study. Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 3, 4-14., Arias-Pérez et al. (2016)Arias-Pérez, J., Tavera-Mesias, J., & Castano-Serna, D. (2016). Building a knowledge management maturity model for a multinational food company from an emerging economy. El Profesional de la Información, 25(1), 88-102.
Culture	14	Feng (2005Feng, J. (2005). Constructing a knowledge management maturity model from perspective of knowledge management. In Proceedings of the International Engineering Management Conference (pp. 912-917). USA: IEEE., 2006Feng, J. (2006). A knowledge management maturity model and application. In Proceedings of the Technology Management for the Global Future (pp. 1251-1255). USA: IEEE. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/PICMET.2006.296693. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/PICMET.2006.29... ), Aggestam (2006)Aggestam, L. (2006). Towards a maturity model for learning organizations: the role of knowledge management. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Database and Expert Systems Applications (pp. 141-145). USA: IEEE Computer Science. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/DEXA.2006.138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/DEXA.2006.138... , Isaai & Amin-Moghadan (2006)Isaai, M. T., & Amin-Moghadan, A. (2006). A framework to assessment and promotion of knowledge management maturity model enterprise: modeling and case study. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Management of Innovation and Technology (pp. 163-165). USA: IEEE., Kruger & Johnson (2010)Kruger, C. J., & Johnson, R. D. (2010). Principles in knowledge management maturity: a South African perspective. Journal of Knowledge Management, 14(4), 540-556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13673271011059518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13673271011059... , Kruger & Snyman (2007), Lin (2007)Lin, H. F. (2007). A stage model of knowledge management: an empirical investigation of process and effectiveness. Journal of Information Science, 33(6), 643-659. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165551506076395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01655515060763... , Phelps et al. (2007)Phelps, R., Adams, R., & Bessant, J. (2007). Life cycles of growing organizations: a review with implications for knowledge and learning. International Journal of Management Reviews, 9(1), 1-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2007.00200.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.20... , Grundstein (2008)Grundstein, M. (2008). Assessing the enterprise’s knowledge management maturity level. International Journal of Knowledge and Learning, 4(5), 415-426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJKL.2008.022060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJKL.2008.0220... , Rasula et al. (2008)Rasula, J., Vuksiae, V. B., & Stemberger, M. I. (2008). The integrated knowledge management maturity model. Zagreb International Review of Economics & Business, 11(2), 47-62., Oliveira et al. (2010)Oliveira, M., Pedron, C. D., & Maçada, A. C. G. (2010). Knowledge management implementation in stages: the case of organizations in Brazil. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Knowledge Management (pp. 1-8). Southampton: ACPI., Lin (2011)Lin, H. (2011). Antecedents of the stage-based knowledge management evolution. Journal of Knowledge Management, 15(1), 136-155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13673271111108747. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13673271111108... , Oliva (2014)Oliva, F. L. (2014). Knowledge management barriers, practices and maturity model. Journal of Knowledge Management, 18(6), 1053-1074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JKM-03-2014-0080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JKM-03-2014-00... , Arias-Pérez et al. (2016)Arias-Pérez, J., Tavera-Mesias, J., & Castano-Serna, D. (2016). Building a knowledge management maturity model for a multinational food company from an emerging economy. El Profesional de la Información, 25(1), 88-102.
Support of top management (leadership, team, knowledge work)	13	Lee et al. (2001)Lee, J. H., Kim, Y. G., & Yu, S. (2001). Stage model for knowledge management. In Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (pp. 1-10). USA: Computer Society Press., Lee & Kim (2001Lee, J. H., & Kim, Y. G. (2001). A stage model of organizational knowledge management: a latent content analysis. Expert Systems with Applications, 20(4), 299-311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0957-4174(01)00015-X. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0957-4174(01)... , 2005Lee, D. Y., & Kim, Y. G. (2005). Validation of the knowledge management stage model: a triangulation approach. In Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. USA: IEEE.), Isaai & Amin-Moghadan (2006)Isaai, M. T., & Amin-Moghadan, A. (2006). A framework to assessment and promotion of knowledge management maturity model enterprise: modeling and case study. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Management of Innovation and Technology (pp. 163-165). USA: IEEE., Teah et al. (2006)Teah, H. Y., Pee, L. G., & Kankanhalli, A. (2006). Development and application of a general knowledge management maturity model. In Proceedings of the Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems (pp. 401-416). USA: AIS., Aggestam (2006)Aggestam, L. (2006). Towards a maturity model for learning organizations: the role of knowledge management. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Database and Expert Systems Applications (pp. 141-145). USA: IEEE Computer Science. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/DEXA.2006.138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/DEXA.2006.138... , Isaai & Amin-Moghadan (2006)Isaai, M. T., & Amin-Moghadan, A. (2006). A framework to assessment and promotion of knowledge management maturity model enterprise: modeling and case study. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Management of Innovation and Technology (pp. 163-165). USA: IEEE., Lin (2007)Lin, H. F. (2007). A stage model of knowledge management: an empirical investigation of process and effectiveness. Journal of Information Science, 33(6), 643-659. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165551506076395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01655515060763... , Pee & Kankanhalli (2009)Pee, L. G., & Kankanhalli, A. (2009). A model of knowledge organizational management maturity: based on people, process and technology. Journal of Information and Knowledge Management, 8(2), 79-99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/S0219649209002270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/S0219649209002... , Oliveira et al. (2010)Oliveira, M., Pedron, C. D., & Maçada, A. C. G. (2010). Knowledge management implementation in stages: the case of organizations in Brazil. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Knowledge Management (pp. 1-8). Southampton: ACPI., Lin (2011)Lin, H. (2011). Antecedents of the stage-based knowledge management evolution. Journal of Knowledge Management, 15(1), 136-155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13673271111108747. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13673271111108... , Abu Naser et al. (2016a)Abu Naser, S. S., Al Shobaki, M. J., & Abu Amuna, Y. M. (2016a). Knowledge management maturity in universities and its impact on performance excellence: comparative study. Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 3, 4-14., Fashami & Babaei (2017)Fashami, C. S., & Babaei, M. (2017). A behavioral maturity model to establish knowledge management in an organization engineering. Technology & Applied Science Research, 7(3), 1725-1731.
Infrastructure	8	Feng (2005Feng, J. (2005). Constructing a knowledge management maturity model from perspective of knowledge management. In Proceedings of the International Engineering Management Conference (pp. 912-917). USA: IEEE., 2006Feng, J. (2006). A knowledge management maturity model and application. In Proceedings of the Technology Management for the Global Future (pp. 1251-1255). USA: IEEE. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/PICMET.2006.296693. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/PICMET.2006.29... ), Isaai & Amin-Moghadan (2006)Isaai, M. T., & Amin-Moghadan, A. (2006). A framework to assessment and promotion of knowledge management maturity model enterprise: modeling and case study. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Management of Innovation and Technology (pp. 163-165). USA: IEEE., Lin (2007)Lin, H. F. (2007). A stage model of knowledge management: an empirical investigation of process and effectiveness. Journal of Information Science, 33(6), 643-659. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165551506076395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01655515060763... , Gaál et al. (2008)Gaál, Z., Szabó, L., Kovács, Z., Obermayer-Kovács, N., & Csepregi, A. (2008). Knowledge management profile maturity model. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Knowledge Management (pp. 209-216). Southampton: ACPI., Grundstein (2008)Grundstein, M. (2008). Assessing the enterprise’s knowledge management maturity level. International Journal of Knowledge and Learning, 4(5), 415-426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJKL.2008.022060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJKL.2008.0220... , Lin (2011)Lin, H. (2011). Antecedents of the stage-based knowledge management evolution. Journal of Knowledge Management, 15(1), 136-155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13673271111108747. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13673271111108... , Oliveira et al. (2010)Oliveira, M., Pedron, C. D., & Maçada, A. C. G. (2010). Knowledge management implementation in stages: the case of organizations in Brazil. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Knowledge Management (pp. 1-8). Southampton: ACPI.
Human resources management (benefits, rewards, training)	8	Berztiss (2002)Berztiss, A. T. (2002). Capability maturity for knowledge management. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Database and Expert Systems Applications (pp. 162-166). USA: IEEE Computer Society. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/DEXA.2002.1045893. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/DEXA.2002.1045... , Lin (2007)Lin, H. F. (2007). A stage model of knowledge management: an empirical investigation of process and effectiveness. Journal of Information Science, 33(6), 643-659. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165551506076395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01655515060763... , Phelps et al. (2007)Phelps, R., Adams, R., & Bessant, J. (2007). Life cycles of growing organizations: a review with implications for knowledge and learning. International Journal of Management Reviews, 9(1), 1-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2007.00200.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.20... , Rasula et al. (2008)Rasula, J., Vuksiae, V. B., & Stemberger, M. I. (2008). The integrated knowledge management maturity model. Zagreb International Review of Economics & Business, 11(2), 47-62., Oliveira et al. (2010)Oliveira, M., Pedron, C. D., & Maçada, A. C. G. (2010). Knowledge management implementation in stages: the case of organizations in Brazil. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Knowledge Management (pp. 1-8). Southampton: ACPI., Lin (2011)Lin, H. (2011). Antecedents of the stage-based knowledge management evolution. Journal of Knowledge Management, 15(1), 136-155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13673271111108747. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13673271111108... , Oliva (2014)Oliva, F. L. (2014). Knowledge management barriers, practices and maturity model. Journal of Knowledge Management, 18(6), 1053-1074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JKM-03-2014-0080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JKM-03-2014-00... , Fashami & Babaei (2017)Fashami, C. S., & Babaei, M. (2017). A behavioral maturity model to establish knowledge management in an organization engineering. Technology & Applied Science Research, 7(3), 1725-1731.
Organizational knowledge	6	Lee et al. (2001)Lee, J. H., Kim, Y. G., & Yu, S. (2001). Stage model for knowledge management. In Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (pp. 1-10). USA: Computer Society Press., Lee & Kim (2001Lee, J. H., & Kim, Y. G. (2001). A stage model of organizational knowledge management: a latent content analysis. Expert Systems with Applications, 20(4), 299-311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0957-4174(01)00015-X. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0957-4174(01)... , 2005Lee, D. Y., & Kim, Y. G. (2005). Validation of the knowledge management stage model: a triangulation approach. In Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. USA: IEEE.), Isaai & Amin-Moghadan (2006)Isaai, M. T., & Amin-Moghadan, A. (2006). A framework to assessment and promotion of knowledge management maturity model enterprise: modeling and case study. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Management of Innovation and Technology (pp. 163-165). USA: IEEE., Phelps et al. (2007)Phelps, R., Adams, R., & Bessant, J. (2007). Life cycles of growing organizations: a review with implications for knowledge and learning. International Journal of Management Reviews, 9(1), 1-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2007.00200.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.20... , Oliveira et al. (2010)Oliveira, M., Pedron, C. D., & Maçada, A. C. G. (2010). Knowledge management implementation in stages: the case of organizations in Brazil. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Knowledge Management (pp. 1-8). Southampton: ACPI.
Learning	6	Kulkarni & Louis (2003)Kulkarni, U., & Louis, R. S. (2003). Organizational self-assessment of knowledge management maturity. In Proceedings of the Americas Conference on Information Systems. USA: AMCIS., Aggestam (2006)Aggestam, L. (2006). Towards a maturity model for learning organizations: the role of knowledge management. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Database and Expert Systems Applications (pp. 141-145). USA: IEEE Computer Science. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/DEXA.2006.138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/DEXA.2006.138... , Rasula et al. (2008)Rasula, J., Vuksiae, V. B., & Stemberger, M. I. (2008). The integrated knowledge management maturity model. Zagreb International Review of Economics & Business, 11(2), 47-62., Grundstein (2008)Grundstein, M. (2008). Assessing the enterprise’s knowledge management maturity level. International Journal of Knowledge and Learning, 4(5), 415-426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJKL.2008.022060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJKL.2008.0220... , Oliveira et al. (2010)Oliveira, M., Pedron, C. D., & Maçada, A. C. G. (2010). Knowledge management implementation in stages: the case of organizations in Brazil. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Knowledge Management (pp. 1-8). Southampton: ACPI., Abu Naser et al. (2016a)Abu Naser, S. S., Al Shobaki, M. J., & Abu Amuna, Y. M. (2016a). Knowledge management maturity in universities and its impact on performance excellence: comparative study. Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 3, 4-14.
Strategy	5	Phelps et al. (2007)Phelps, R., Adams, R., & Bessant, J. (2007). Life cycles of growing organizations: a review with implications for knowledge and learning. International Journal of Management Reviews, 9(1), 1-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2007.00200.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.20... , Kruger & Johnson (2010)Kruger, C. J., & Johnson, R. D. (2010). Principles in knowledge management maturity: a South African perspective. Journal of Knowledge Management, 14(4), 540-556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13673271011059518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13673271011059... , Kruger & Snyman (2007), Rasula et al. (2008)Rasula, J., Vuksiae, V. B., & Stemberger, M. I. (2008). The integrated knowledge management maturity model. Zagreb International Review of Economics & Business, 11(2), 47-62., Arias-Pérez et al. (2016)Arias-Pérez, J., Tavera-Mesias, J., & Castano-Serna, D. (2016). Building a knowledge management maturity model for a multinational food company from an emerging economy. El Profesional de la Información, 25(1), 88-102.
Measuring	3	Isaai & Amin-Moghadan (2006)Isaai, M. T., & Amin-Moghadan, A. (2006). A framework to assessment and promotion of knowledge management maturity model enterprise: modeling and case study. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Management of Innovation and Technology (pp. 163-165). USA: IEEE., Kruger & Johnson (2010)Kruger, C. J., & Johnson, R. D. (2010). Principles in knowledge management maturity: a South African perspective. Journal of Knowledge Management, 14(4), 540-556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13673271011059518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13673271011059... , Kruger & Snyman (2007)Kruger, C. J., & Snyman, M. M. M. (2007). Guideline for assessing the knowledge management maturity of organizations. South African Journal of Information, 9(3), 1-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajim.v9i3.34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajim.v9i3.34...

FACTOR	Nº	AUTHORS
Culture	12	Skyrme & Amidon (1997)Skyrme, D., & Amidon, D. (1997). The knowledge agenda. Journal of Knowledge Management, 1(1), 27-37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13673279710800709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13673279710800... , Davenport et al. (1998)Davenport, T., De Long, D., & Beers, M. (1998). Successful knowledge management projects. Sloan Management Review, 39(2), 43-57., Fahey & Prusak (1998)Fahey, L., & Prusak, L. (1998). The eleven dead list sins of knowledge management. California Management Review, 40(3), 2655-276. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/41165954. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/41165954... , Leibowitz (1999)Leibowitz, J. (1999). Key ingredients to the success of an organizationá knowledge management strategy. Knowledge and Process Management, 6(1), 37-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1441(199903)6:1<37::AID-KPM40>3.0.CO;2-M. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-144... , Holsapple & Joshi (2000)Holsapple, C. W., & Joshi, K. D. (2000). An investigation of factors that influence the management of knowledge in organizations. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 9(2/3), 235-261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0963-8687(00)00046-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0963-8687(00)... , Hasanali (2002)Hasanali, F. (2002). Critical success factors of knowledge management. Retrieved in 2002 May 5, from www.kmadvantage.com/docs/km_articles/Critical_Sucess_Factors_of_KM.pdf www.kmadvantage.com/docs/km_articles/Cri... , Alazmi & Zairi (2003)Alazmi, M., & Zairi, M. (2003). Knowledge management critical success factors. Total Quality Management, 14(2), 199-204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1478336032000051386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14783360320000... , Dana et al. (2005)Dana, L. P., Korot, L., & Tovstiga, G. (2005). A cross-national comparison of knowledge management practices. International Journal of Manpower, 26(1), 10-22., Al-Mabrouk (2006)Al-Mabrouk, K. (2006). Critical success factors affecting knowledge management adoption: a review of the literature. Innovations in Information Technology. USA: IEEE., Ajmal et al. (2009)Ajmal, M., Helo, P., & Kekale, T. (2009). Critical factors for knowledge management in project business. Journal of Knowledge Management, 14(1), 156-178., Conley & Wei Zheng (2009)Conley, C. A., & Wei Zheng, (2009). Factors critical to knowledge management success. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 11(3), 334-348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1523422309338159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15234223093381... , Lehner & Haas (2010)Lehner, F., & Haas, N. (2010). Knowledge management success factors: proposal of an empirical research. Electronic Journal of Knowledge Management, 8(1), 79-90.
Support of top management (motivation, leadership, coordination)	11	Ruggles (1998)Ruggles, R. (1998). The state of the notion: knowledge management in practice. California Management Review, 40(3), 80-89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/41165944. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/41165944... , Skyrme & Amidon (1997)Skyrme, D., & Amidon, D. (1997). The knowledge agenda. Journal of Knowledge Management, 1(1), 27-37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13673279710800709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13673279710800... , Davenport et al. (1998)Davenport, T., De Long, D., & Beers, M. (1998). Successful knowledge management projects. Sloan Management Review, 39(2), 43-57., Leibowitz (1999)Leibowitz, J. (1999). Key ingredients to the success of an organizationá knowledge management strategy. Knowledge and Process Management, 6(1), 37-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1441(199903)6:1<37::AID-KPM40>3.0.CO;2-M. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-144... , Holsapple & Joshi (2000)Holsapple, C. W., & Joshi, K. D. (2000). An investigation of factors that influence the management of knowledge in organizations. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 9(2/3), 235-261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0963-8687(00)00046-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0963-8687(00)... , Hasanali (2002)Hasanali, F. (2002). Critical success factors of knowledge management. Retrieved in 2002 May 5, from www.kmadvantage.com/docs/km_articles/Critical_Sucess_Factors_of_KM.pdf www.kmadvantage.com/docs/km_articles/Cri... , Alazmi & Zairi (2003)Alazmi, M., & Zairi, M. (2003). Knowledge management critical success factors. Total Quality Management, 14(2), 199-204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1478336032000051386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14783360320000... , Al-Mabrouk (2006)Al-Mabrouk, K. (2006). Critical success factors affecting knowledge management adoption: a review of the literature. Innovations in Information Technology. USA: IEEE., Ajmal et al. (2009)Ajmal, M., Helo, P., & Kekale, T. (2009). Critical factors for knowledge management in project business. Journal of Knowledge Management, 14(1), 156-178., Lehner & Haas (2010)Lehner, F., & Haas, N. (2010). Knowledge management success factors: proposal of an empirical research. Electronic Journal of Knowledge Management, 8(1), 79-90., Conley & Wei Zheng (2009)Conley, C. A., & Wei Zheng, (2009). Factors critical to knowledge management success. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 11(3), 334-348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1523422309338159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15234223093381...
Infrastructure Systems Tools	9	Davenport et al. (1998)Davenport, T., De Long, D., & Beers, M. (1998). Successful knowledge management projects. Sloan Management Review, 39(2), 43-57., Leibowitz (1999)Leibowitz, J. (1999). Key ingredients to the success of an organizationá knowledge management strategy. Knowledge and Process Management, 6(1), 37-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1441(199903)6:1<37::AID-KPM40>3.0.CO;2-M. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-144... , Holsapple & Joshi (2000)Holsapple, C. W., & Joshi, K. D. (2000). An investigation of factors that influence the management of knowledge in organizations. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 9(2/3), 235-261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0963-8687(00)00046-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0963-8687(00)... , Hasanali (2002)Hasanali, F. (2002). Critical success factors of knowledge management. Retrieved in 2002 May 5, from www.kmadvantage.com/docs/km_articles/Critical_Sucess_Factors_of_KM.pdf www.kmadvantage.com/docs/km_articles/Cri... , Alazmi & Zairi (2003)Alazmi, M., & Zairi, M. (2003). Knowledge management critical success factors. Total Quality Management, 14(2), 199-204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1478336032000051386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14783360320000... , Dana et al. (2005)Dana, L. P., Korot, L., & Tovstiga, G. (2005). A cross-national comparison of knowledge management practices. International Journal of Manpower, 26(1), 10-22., Al-Mabrouk (2006)Al-Mabrouk, K. (2006). Critical success factors affecting knowledge management adoption: a review of the literature. Innovations in Information Technology. USA: IEEE., Ajmal et al. (2009)Ajmal, M., Helo, P., & Kekale, T. (2009). Critical factors for knowledge management in project business. Journal of Knowledge Management, 14(1), 156-178., Conley & Wei Zheng (2009)Conley, C. A., & Wei Zheng, (2009). Factors critical to knowledge management success. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 11(3), 334-348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1523422309338159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15234223093381...
Humana resource management (education, training, motivation, incentive)	8	Davenport et al. (1998)Davenport, T., De Long, D., & Beers, M. (1998). Successful knowledge management projects. Sloan Management Review, 39(2), 43-57., Leibowitz (1999)Leibowitz, J. (1999). Key ingredients to the success of an organizationá knowledge management strategy. Knowledge and Process Management, 6(1), 37-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1441(199903)6:1<37::AID-KPM40>3.0.CO;2-M. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-144... , Holsapple & Joshi (2000)Holsapple, C. W., & Joshi, K. D. (2000). An investigation of factors that influence the management of knowledge in organizations. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 9(2/3), 235-261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0963-8687(00)00046-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0963-8687(00)... , Chourides et al. (2003)Chourides, P., Longbottom, D., & Murphy, W. (2003). Excellence in knowledge management: an empirical study to identify critical factors and performance measures. Measuring Business Excellence, 7(2), 29-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13683040310477977. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13683040310477... , Al-Mabrouk (2006)Al-Mabrouk, K. (2006). Critical success factors affecting knowledge management adoption: a review of the literature. Innovations in Information Technology. USA: IEEE., Ajmal et al. (2009)Ajmal, M., Helo, P., & Kekale, T. (2009). Critical factors for knowledge management in project business. Journal of Knowledge Management, 14(1), 156-178., Conley & Wei Zheng (2009)Conley, C. A., & Wei Zheng, (2009). Factors critical to knowledge management success. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 11(3), 334-348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1523422309338159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15234223093381... , Lehner & Haas (2010)Lehner, F., & Haas, N. (2010). Knowledge management success factors: proposal of an empirical research. Electronic Journal of Knowledge Management, 8(1), 79-90.
Technology	8	Skyrme & Amidon (1997)Skyrme, D., & Amidon, D. (1997). The knowledge agenda. Journal of Knowledge Management, 1(1), 27-37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13673279710800709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13673279710800... , Davenport et al. (1998)Davenport, T., De Long, D., & Beers, M. (1998). Successful knowledge management projects. Sloan Management Review, 39(2), 43-57., Leibowitz (1999)Leibowitz, J. (1999). Key ingredients to the success of an organizationá knowledge management strategy. Knowledge and Process Management, 6(1), 37-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1441(199903)6:1<37::AID-KPM40>3.0.CO;2-M. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-144... , Hasanali (2002)Hasanali, F. (2002). Critical success factors of knowledge management. Retrieved in 2002 May 5, from www.kmadvantage.com/docs/km_articles/Critical_Sucess_Factors_of_KM.pdf www.kmadvantage.com/docs/km_articles/Cri... , Chourides et al. (2003)Chourides, P., Longbottom, D., & Murphy, W. (2003). Excellence in knowledge management: an empirical study to identify critical factors and performance measures. Measuring Business Excellence, 7(2), 29-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13683040310477977. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13683040310477... , Al-Mabrouk (2006)Al-Mabrouk, K. (2006). Critical success factors affecting knowledge management adoption: a review of the literature. Innovations in Information Technology. USA: IEEE., Conley & Wei Zheng (2009)Conley, C. A., & Wei Zheng, (2009). Factors critical to knowledge management success. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 11(3), 334-348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1523422309338159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15234223093381... , Lehner & Haas (2010)Lehner, F., & Haas, N. (2010). Knowledge management success factors: proposal of an empirical research. Electronic Journal of Knowledge Management, 8(1), 79-90.
Strategy	5	Leibowitz (1999)Leibowitz, J. (1999). Key ingredients to the success of an organizationá knowledge management strategy. Knowledge and Process Management, 6(1), 37-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1441(199903)6:1<37::AID-KPM40>3.0.CO;2-M. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-144... , Holsapple & Joshi (2000)Holsapple, C. W., & Joshi, K. D. (2000). An investigation of factors that influence the management of knowledge in organizations. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 9(2/3), 235-261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0963-8687(00)00046-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0963-8687(00)... , Chourides et al. (2003)Chourides, P., Longbottom, D., & Murphy, W. (2003). Excellence in knowledge management: an empirical study to identify critical factors and performance measures. Measuring Business Excellence, 7(2), 29-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13683040310477977. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13683040310477... , Al-Mabrouk (2006)Al-Mabrouk, K. (2006). Critical success factors affecting knowledge management adoption: a review of the literature. Innovations in Information Technology. USA: IEEE., Conley & Wei Zheng (2009)Conley, C. A., & Wei Zheng, (2009). Factors critical to knowledge management success. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 11(3), 334-348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1523422309338159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15234223093381...
Measuring	4	Holsapple & Joshi (2000)Holsapple, C. W., & Joshi, K. D. (2000). An investigation of factors that influence the management of knowledge in organizations. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 9(2/3), 235-261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0963-8687(00)00046-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0963-8687(00)... , Hasanali (2002)Hasanali, F. (2002). Critical success factors of knowledge management. Retrieved in 2002 May 5, from www.kmadvantage.com/docs/km_articles/Critical_Sucess_Factors_of_KM.pdf www.kmadvantage.com/docs/km_articles/Cri... , Al-Mabrouk (2006)Al-Mabrouk, K. (2006). Critical success factors affecting knowledge management adoption: a review of the literature. Innovations in Information Technology. USA: IEEE., Conley & Wei Zheng (2009)Conley, C. A., & Wei Zheng, (2009). Factors critical to knowledge management success. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 11(3), 334-348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1523422309338159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15234223093381...

CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTOR	DEFINITION
Organizational infrastructure	-Type of structure -Team format -Formalization degree of process and activities -Process of communication -Environment
Technology	-Databases -Electronic document management -Programs, software and interactive platforms
Culture	-Collaboration -Confidence -Learning
Human resources management	-Training (coaching, mentoring) -Rewards -Opportunities to participate
Support of top management	-Incentive (motivation) -Leadership

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Knowledge management maturity models: identification of gaps and improvement proposal

Modelos de maturidade da gestão do conhecimento: identificação de lacunas e proposta de melhoria

Abstract