| Big data |
Big Data can be understood as the collection and organization of a large amount of data at high speed in computerized and connected systems, allowing predictive analyses for decision making. This technology is driven mainly by the diffusion of computers, mobile devices, social media and technologies related to the internet of things (e.g.: RFID technology – radio-frequency identification). The data that feed Big Data can be collected through sensors, satellites, social media, photos, videos and GPS signal. |
The adoption of Big Data allows organizations to collect, store, organize, manage and analyze large amounts of data at the right speed and time. The potential benefits of Big Data are an increase in the flexibility of production lines, machining and project cycle time reduction, quality improvement of goods and services, optimization in the use of production resources, greater capacity to understand market demands in real time and greater customization of products and services. |
McAfee & Brynjolfsson (2012McAfee, A., & Brynjolfsson, E. (2012). Big data: the management revolution. Harvard Business Review, 90(10), 60-68. PMid:23074865.; Raguseo (2018)Raguseo, E. (2018). Big data technologies: an empirical investigation on their adoption, benefits and risks for companies. International Journal of Information Management, 38(1), 187-195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2017.07.008.
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; Wang et al. (2018)Wang, Y., Kung, L., & Byrd, T. A. (2018). Big data analytics: understanding its capabilities and potential benefits for healthcare organizations. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 126, 3-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2015.12.019.
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; Maroufkhani et al. (2020)Maroufkhani, P., Tseng, M. L., Iranmanesh, M., Ismail, W. K. W., & Khalid, H. (2020). Big data analytics adoption: determinants and performances among small to medium-sized enterprises. International Journal of Information Management, 54, 102190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102190.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.20...
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| Simulation |
Simulation is a method used to study the performance of a system through the formulation of a mathematical model, which must reproduce, as accurately as possible, the characteristics of the original system. It is a key technology to the development of exploratory computer models of planning that enable the optimization of decisions, projects and the efficiency of resource use in complex and smart production systems. Advanced technologies related to sensors and communications allow the connection of facilities and machines to a virtual environment through the internet and applications, thus enabling a simulation of the physical environment in real time. |
The simulation might encompass workers, machines and products, allowing tests of different forms of resource coordination, which are always performed on the virtual environment before they are implemented in the physical world. The simulation of cyber-physical systems allows us to optimize the decision-making process, with a faster adaptation to various types of events, for example, production line downtime due to equipment breaking down. Thus, there are benefits regarding the efficiency of use of resources and production cost reduction. |
Dalenogare et al. (2018)Dalenogare, L. S., Benitez, G. B., Ayala, N. F., & Frank, A. G. (2018). The expected contribution of Industry 4.0 technologies for industrial performance. International Journal of Production Economics, 204, 383-394. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2018.08.019.
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; Gunal (2019)Gunal, M. M. (2019). Simulation for Industry 4.0. Basel: Springer Nature. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04137-3.
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; Cruz-Mejía et al. (2019)Cruz-Mejía, O., Márquez, A., & Monsreal-Barrera, M. M. (2019). Product delivery and simulation for Industry 4.0. In M. Gunal (Ed.), Simulation for Industry 4.0 (pp. 81-95). Cham: Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04137-3_5.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-0413...
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| Integration of horizontal and vertical systems |
Vertical systems are adopted to coordinate the activities in a company, encompassing its organizational structure, human resources, fixed assets, development of new products, etc. Vertical integration aims to connect information and communications systems in different hierarchical levels in the company. On the other hand, the integration of the horizontal system refers to the relationships with clients and suppliers throughout the value chain, generating greater collaboration between companies through resource and information sharing in real time. With data integration, value chains can be automatized, which integrates companies, suppliers, clients, departments (like engineering and shop floor), functions and resources. |
System integration and the exchange of data and information in a fast and efficient way both inside and between companies allow productivity gains, transaction costs reduction, use of synergies, greater coordination of value chains and faster development of projects, products and services. |
Brettel et al. (2014)Brettel, M., Friederichsen, N., Keller, M., & Rosenberg, M. (2014). How virtualization, decentralization and network building change the manufacturing landscape: an Industry 4.0 perspective. International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation, 8(1), 37-44.; Rubmann et al. (2015)Rubmann, M., Lorenz, M., Gerbert, P., Waldner, M., Justus, J., Engel, P., & Harnisch, M. (2015). Industry 4.0: the future of productivity and growth in manufacturing industries. Boston Consulting Group, 9(1), 54-89.; Dalenogare et al. (2018)Dalenogare, L. S., Benitez, G. B., Ayala, N. F., & Frank, A. G. (2018). The expected contribution of Industry 4.0 technologies for industrial performance. International Journal of Production Economics, 204, 383-394. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2018.08.019.
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; Pérez-Lara et al. (2020)Pérez-Lara, M., Saucedo-Martínez, J. A., Marmolejo-Saucedo, J. A., Salais-Fierro, T. E., & Vasant, P. (2020). Vertical and horizontal integration systems in Industry 4.0. Wireless Networks, 26(7), 4767-4775. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11276-018-1873-2.
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; Garrocho et al. (2020)Garrocho, C. T. B., Silva, M. C., Ferreira, C. M. S., Cunha Cavalcanti, C. F. M., & Oliveira, R. A. R. (2020). Real-time systems implications in the blockchain-based vertical integration of industry 4.0. Computer, 53(9), 46-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MC.2020.3002686.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MC.2020.300268...
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| Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) |
It is a global infrastructure rooted in interoperable information and communications technologies that allow the development of advanced services through a physical and virtual interconnection of objects. In other words, the IIoT is a robust, intuitive and scalable technology that fosters the digital transformation of the world connected by the Internet, providing relevant data to the whole value chain in real time. Smart devices, machines and equipment can communicate and interact with centralized controllers in manufacturing systems. |
Autonomous decisions based on pre-configured parameters and on data collected by sensors become possible, resulting in much faster response and adaptation by production systems in real time. Efficiency gains in the use of machines and waste reduction are evident benefits. |
Kagermann et al. (2011)Kagermann, H., Wolf-Dieter, L., & Wolfgang, W. (2011). Industrie 4.0: Mitdem Internet der Dinge auf dem Weg zur 4. industriellen Revolution. Retrieved in 2021, August 15, from https://www.ingenieur.de/technik/fachbereiche/produktion/industrie-40-mit-internet-dinge-weg-4-industriellen-revolution/
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2018.11....
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| Cloud Computing |
Cloud computing aims to provide information technology services (e.g.: processing, storing and connectivity capacity) on demand and with usage-based payment. This technology allows large amounts of data to be stored in a server network. In addition, it grants access to data from any location, at any time and from different devices and platforms. Connectivity enables instant data transmission. |
Cloud computing leads to a reduction in the need for investment in equipment and technological resources because storage space and processing capacity are hired on demand. Gains related to flexibility, agility and adaptability of use and data analysis are also present. This technology also facilitates client-supplier collaboration and communication between different areas in an organization. |
Xu (2012)Xu, X. (2012). From cloud computing to cloud manufacturing. Robotics and Computer-integrated Manufacturing, 28(1), 75-86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rcim.2011.07.002.
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; Porter & Heppelmann (2014)Porter, M., & Heppelmann, J. (2014). How smart, connected products are transforming competition. Harvard Business Review, 92, 64-88.Velasquez et al (2018)Velasquez, N., Estevez, E., & Pesado, P. (2018). Cloud computing, big data and the industry 4.0 reference architectures. Journal of Computer Science and Technology, 18(3), e29. http://dx.doi.org/10.24215/16666038.18.e29.
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; Hadwer et al. (2021)Hadwer, A. A., Tavana, M., Gillis, D., & Rezania, D. (2021). A systematic review of organizational factors impacting cloud-based technology adoption using Technology-organization-environment framework. Internet of Things, 15, 100407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iot.2021.100407.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iot.2021.100...
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| Additive Manufacturing |
It can be defined as a process of combining materials to make objects using 3D model data (CAD 3D), usually layer-by-layer. Additive manufacturing converts a CAD 3D model into layers. Based on this information, it determines the path (CNC language) and the deposition parameters, which are later processed by four basic components: CNC controller; motion system; power supply; addition material feeding system. This definition is widely applicable to all classes of materials, including metals, ceramics, polymers, compounds and biological systems. |
It allows the creation of prototypes and individual components and enables the production of small and customized batches with construction advantages like complexity and lightness. There is also the benefit of production flexibility through a direct transformation of 3D digital models into physical products by using agile and versatile manufacturing machines with no need for specific tools or molds. This decentralized use might reduce costs related to logistics and storage, as well as marginal costs related to production, cycle time and time to market. |
Frazier (2014)Frazier, W. E. (2014). Metal additive manufacturing: a review. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 23(6), 1917-1928. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11665-014-0958-z.
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; Dalenogare et al. (2018)Dalenogare, L. S., Benitez, G. B., Ayala, N. F., & Frank, A. G. (2018). The expected contribution of Industry 4.0 technologies for industrial performance. International Journal of Production Economics, 204, 383-394. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2018.08.019.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2018.08...
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| Autonomous Robots |
Autonomous robots can perform non-routine cognitive and manual tasks, which boosts replaceable work profiles and occasionally compensates for workforce shortages in the market. Autonomous robots can also integrate information from multiple sensors and adapt their movement, thus performing different tasks and providing data in real time for decision making. |
Studies show the adoption of autonomous robots in different economic activities, such as construction industry, hospitals, hotel business, car part production and food industry. Some of the benefits identified are logistics cost reduction and time saved with collection and shipping of items through the supply chain. |
Gray & Davis (2013)Gray, J. O., & Davis, S. T. (2013). Robotics in the food industry: an introduction. In D. G. Caldwell (Ed.), Robotics and automation in the food industry (pp. 21-35). Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1533/9780857095763.1.21.
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; Decker et al. (2017)Decker, M., Fischer, M., & Ott, I. (2017). Service Robotics and Human Labor: A first technology assessment of substitution and cooperation. Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 87, 348-354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.robot.2016.09.017.
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; Leurent et al. (2019)Leurent, H., Betti, F., Narayan, J., de Boer, E., Widmer, A., Diaz, D. H., George, K., Marya, V., Schmitz, C., Kelly, R., Miremadi, M., Niculescu, D., & Hou, F. (2019). Fourth Industrial revolution beacons of technology and innovation in manufacturing (White Paper). Geneva: World Economic Forum. Retrieved in 2020, August 26, from http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_4IR_Beacons_of_Technology_and_Innovation_in_Manufacturing_report_2019.pdf
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09537287.2021....
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| Augmented Reality (AR) |
Augmented Reality (AR) is a technology that allows us to overlap virtual elements with the real world in real time. Information and objects overlap with the real world, improving users’ perception of reality. This technology combines the real world with the virtual world. It is interactive in real time and registered in 3D. The essential parts to an AR system are electronic devices like AR glasses, cameras, earphones, displays, tablets and projectors, which are used to combine reality with the virtual world. Any type of hardware that interacts with the human senses can be used with AR. |
AR technology aims to improve human performance related to various activities like training sessions, maintenance, product development projects, logistics tasks, operation layout, etc. This technology facilitates problem solving through increasing users’ perception of reality. |
Palmarini et al. (2017)Palmarini, R., Erkoyuncu, J. A., & Roy, R. (2017). An innovate process to select Augmented Reality (AR) technology for maintenance. Procedia CIRP, 59, 23-28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2016.10.001.
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; Alcácer & Cruz-Machado (2019)Alcácer, V., & Cruz-Machado, V. (2019). Scanning the Industry 4.0: a literature review on technologies for manufacturing systems. Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, 22(3), 899-919. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2019.01.006.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2019....
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| Cybersecurity |
Cybersecurity can be defined as a set of procedures, practices and technologies that aim to detect, prevent, protect and respond to virtual attacks against cyberspace and information systems. |
Cybersecurity avoids considerable losses resulting from virtual attacks and/or sensitive data leakage. |
Craigen et al. (2014)Craigen, D., Diakun-Thibault, N., & Purse, R. (2014). Defining cybersecurity. Technology Innovation Management Review, 4(10), 13-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22215/timreview/835.
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; Piedrahita et al. (2018)Piedrahita, A. F. M., Gaur, V., Giraldo, J., Cardenas, A. A., & Rueda, S. J. (2018). Virtual incident response functions in control systems. Computer Networks, 135, 147-159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2018.01.040.
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; Alcácer & Cruz-Machado (2019)Alcácer, V., & Cruz-Machado, V. (2019). Scanning the Industry 4.0: a literature review on technologies for manufacturing systems. Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, 22(3), 899-919. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2019.01.006.
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