Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIB (MPS IIIB) is caused by deficiency of alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase, leading to storage of heparan sulphate. The disease is characterized by intellectual disability and hyperactivity, among other neurological and somatic features. Here we studied retrospective data from a total of 19 MPS IIIB patients from Brazil, aiming to evaluate disease progression. Mean age at diagnosis was 7.2 years. Speech delay was one of the first symptoms to be identified, around 2-3 years of age. Behavioral alterations include hyperactivity and aggressiveness, starting around age four. By the end of the first decade, patients lost acquired abilities such as speech and ability to walk. Furthermore, as disease progresses, respiratory, cardiovascular and joint abnormalities were found in more than 50% of the patients, along with organomegaly. Most common cause of death was respiratory problems. The disease progression was characterized in multiple systems, and hopefully these data will help the design of appropriate clinical trials and clinical management guidelines.
Keywords:
Sanfilippo syndrome; Mucopolysaccharidosis IIIB; MPS Brazil Network; lysosomal storage diseases; heparan sulfate; Brazil
Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) is a group of lysosomal storage disorders resulting from deficiency of enzymes involved in the degradation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). MPS IIIB is caused by deficiency of alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAGLU, E.C. 3.2.1.50, OMIM 252920) (Neufeld and Muenzer, 2001Neufeld EF, Muenzer J (2001) The mucopolyssacharidoses. In: Scrive C, Beaudet A, Sly W and Vaele D (eds) The Metabolic and Molecular Basis of Inherited Disease. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 3421-3452.) associated with biallelic variants in the NAGLU gene. To date, no clear correlation has been observed between variants in the NAGLU gene and the clinical presentation of the pathology, since a series of factors can contribute to the heterogeneity of the disease (Montenegro et al., 2022Montenegro YHA, Souza CFM, Kubaski F, Trapp FB, Burin MG, Michelin-Tirelli K, Leistner-Segal S, Facchin ACB, Medeiros FS, Giugliani L et al. (2022) Sanfilippo syndrome type B: Analysis of patients diagnosed by the MPS Brazil Network. Am J Med Genet A 188:760-767. ). It is possible to classify MPS IIIB patients based on the clinical presentation and the severity of their symptoms as severe or attenuated. However, these classifications do not concern the variant-symptomatology correlation, rather, only the clinical presentation (Valstar et al., 2011Valstar MJ, Marchal JP, Grootenhuis M, Colland V and Wijburg FA (2011) Cognitive development in patients with Mucopolysaccharidosis type III (Sanfilippo syndrome). Orphanet J Rare Dis 6:43. ). The main characteristic of MPS III is intellectual disability and hyperactivity due to progressive neurodegeneration.
The age of onset and progression of the disease is variable, but three stages are reported (Cross et al., 2014Cross EM, Grant S, Jones S, Bigger BW, Wraith JE, Mahon LV, Lomax M and Hare DJ (2014) An investigation of the middle and late behavioural phenotypes of Mucopolysaccharidosis Type-III. J Neurodev Disord 6:46. ; Kim et al., 2016Kim JH, Chi YH, Kim GH, Yoo HW and Lee JH (2016) Long-term clinical course of a patient with mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIB. Korean J Pediatr 59:S37-S40. ): i) in the first years of life, developmental delay appears after an initial normal phase; ii) progressive mental deterioration and behavioral problems begins around 3 to 4 years of age; and, iii) motor difficulties, swallowing problem and spasticity appear, while the behavioral alterations tend to disappear. Patients usually die by the second or third decade of life (Valstar et al., 2011Valstar MJ, Marchal JP, Grootenhuis M, Colland V and Wijburg FA (2011) Cognitive development in patients with Mucopolysaccharidosis type III (Sanfilippo syndrome). Orphanet J Rare Dis 6:43. ).
The progression of MPS IIIB has been recently reported by groups from North America, Europe and Asia, but there is limited data on South American patients (Whitley et al., 2018Whitley CB, Cleary M, Eugen MK, Harmatz P, Shapiro E, Nestrasil I, Haslett P, Whiteman D and Alexanderian D (2018) Observational prospective natural history of patients with Sanfilippo syndrome type B. J Pediatr 197:198-206. ; Lin et al., 2019Lin HY, Chen MR, Lin SM, Hung CL, Niu DM, Chang TM, Chuang CK and Lin SP (2019) Cardiac characteristics and natural progression in Taiwanese patients with mucopolysaccharidosis III. Orphanet J Rare Dis 14:140. ). In the present study, we gathered information of 19 (sixteen unrelated) Brazilian MPS IIIB patients from different centers. We assessed clinical and biochemical information of these patients to analyze disease progression.
A retrospective study was carried out for patients diagnosed with MPS IIIB born from 1989 to 2016 and followed in the several medical Brazilian centers: Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Campinas, São Paulo), Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos (HUPES) (Salvador, Bahia), Hospital Infantil Albert Sabin (Fortaleza, Ceará), Centro Universitário Estácio de Ribeirão Preto (Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul), and Instituto da Criança do Hospital das Clínicas da FMUSP (São Paulo, São Paulo). To be included in the present communication, patients had to have biochemical (NAGLU activity) and/or mutational analysis confirming NAGLU deficiency. Patients’ charts were reviewed for biochemical findings, medical history, clinical manifestations and assessments. Any available results of the following investigations were also recorded: electroencephalography (EEG); electrocardiography (ECG); echocardiography; hearing assessment by pure-tone audiometry; tympanometry; physical exam; polysomnography, as well as other information relevant to the course of disease, including surgical procedures and use of medication. The MPS Brazil Network provided the data, and it is a project approved by the ethics committee from Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (GPPG # 03-066). Written informed consent was acquired from a parent for children or from patients over 18 years, allowing the use of images.
The present study assessed retrospective data of MPS IIIB patients diagnosed and followed in expert reference centers in Brazil. Age at diagnosis was 7.2 years (Figure 1 a ), younger than the average time previously reported for patients from the whole country (Montenegro et al., 2022Montenegro YHA, Souza CFM, Kubaski F, Trapp FB, Burin MG, Michelin-Tirelli K, Leistner-Segal S, Facchin ACB, Medeiros FS, Giugliani L et al. (2022) Sanfilippo syndrome type B: Analysis of patients diagnosed by the MPS Brazil Network. Am J Med Genet A 188:760-767. ) and closer to findings from Taiwan, USA, UK and Germany (Whitley et al., 2018Whitley CB, Cleary M, Eugen MK, Harmatz P, Shapiro E, Nestrasil I, Haslett P, Whiteman D and Alexanderian D (2018) Observational prospective natural history of patients with Sanfilippo syndrome type B. J Pediatr 197:198-206. ; Lin et al., 2019Lin HY, Chen MR, Lin SM, Hung CL, Niu DM, Chang TM, Chuang CK and Lin SP (2019) Cardiac characteristics and natural progression in Taiwanese patients with mucopolysaccharidosis III. Orphanet J Rare Dis 14:140. ).
Findings in MPS IIIB patients. a. Relationship between age at onset of symptoms and age at diagnosis (n=12). The data reveals a diagnostic delay in Brazil. b. Presenting signs and symptoms at diagnosis (n=22). Notice the lack of significant somatic involvement in a majority of patients before diagnosis. c and d. Cardiac findings detectable on echocardiogram (n=13) related to valve flow (c) and left ventricular dimensions and contractibility during follow-up of patients (d). Notice how heart abnormalities become frequent later in life. Other somatic alteration can be found in the Table S1 Table S1 - Data from Brazilian MPS IIIB patients obtained at last recorded visit. . AR, aortic regurgitation; LVD, Left ventricle dilatation; MR, mitral regurgitation; SD, systolic dysfunction; TR, tricuspid regurgitation; URTI, upper respiratory tract infection.
We were able to obtain clinical records for 19 patients from birth to their last visit to the physician, including 16 unrelated patients. We firstly looked for possible neonatal findings. A percentage of 54.5% of births were by cesarean delivery and 45.5% of births by vaginal delivery. Newborns had an average weight of 3,154 g (IQR 2,862g - 3,550g) (n=22), with an average length of 48.7 cm (IQR 46.8 cm - 50.3 cm) (n=16) and cephalic perimeter of 34.5 cm (IQR 33.87 cm - 35 cm) (n=8). One patient showed extensive Mongolian spots at birth. Other neonatal conditions reported in a single patient were: jaundice after 48 hours, oligohydramnios, coarse facies, umbilical hernia, neonatal asphyxia, nuchal cord requiring hospitalization, hypertrichosis, synophrys, and hepatosplenomegaly. A summary can be found in Table 1.
Characterization of developmental delay revealed the progressive nature of the disease (Table 2). Patients presented speech delay as the main early finding that physicians use to suspect MPS IIIB, and our data suggest a delay in forming 2-sillable words. Speech and language delay are reported as the most frequent initial symptoms of MPS IIIB, and hearing impairment, also observed in a significant fraction of our patients, may contribute to the speech and language delay (Shapiro et al., 2017Shapiro E, Ahmed A, Whitley C and Delaney K (2017) Observing the advanced disease course in mucopolysaccharidosis, type IIIA: a case series. Mol Genet Metab 123:123-126. ). The mean reported age of onset of symptoms was 26 months (range: 0 - 72 months). Mean age of diagnosis was 7.2 years (n = 21, range 0.6-22 years). The mean value of NAGLU activity in leukocytes was 0.17± 0.16 nmol/17h/mg (range 0-0.5) (n=16). The average urinary GAG levels were 263 mg/mg creatinine (range 39-600 ug/mg creatinine) (n=17). MPS IIIB is a rare genetic disease, and, for this reason, there are no new updates regarding the panorama of variants found in the NAGLU gene. Part of the gene alterations present in our patient cohort are present in scarce reports in the literature. c.700C>T (p.Arg234Cys) pathogenic variant was previously reported by Ozkinay and colleagues (2021Ozkinay F, Emecen DA, Kose M, Isik E, Bozaci AE, Canda E, Tuysuz B, Zubarioglu T, Atik T and Onay H (2021) Clinical and genetic features of 13 patients with mucopolysaccarhidosis type IIIB: Description of two novel NAGLU gene mutations. Mol Genet Metab Rep 27:100732.) in patients from Turkey, c.1811C>T (p.Pro604Leu) variant was previously reported by Ouesleti et al. (2011Ouesleti S, Brunel V, Ben TH, Dranguet H, Miled A, Miladi N, Ben DMF, Lavoinne A, Saugier-Veber P and Bekri S (2011) Molecular characterization of MPS IIIA, MPS IIIB and MPS IIIC in Tunisian patients. Clin Chim Acta 412:2326-2331. ) in patients from Tunisia. The other variants were found primarily in patients from Brazil. According to previous work by the group (Montenegro et al., 2022Montenegro YHA, Souza CFM, Kubaski F, Trapp FB, Burin MG, Michelin-Tirelli K, Leistner-Segal S, Facchin ACB, Medeiros FS, Giugliani L et al. (2022) Sanfilippo syndrome type B: Analysis of patients diagnosed by the MPS Brazil Network. Am J Med Genet A 188:760-767. ), it was observed that the most frequent variant in the country (23%) is p.Leu496Pro. The other pathogenic variants presented in the present work are distributed heterogeneously throughout the regions of Brazil.
Age of acquisition and loss of neuropsychomotor developmental milestones in Brazilian Muchopolyssacharidosis type IIIB patients.
In the following years, the patients started losing the ability of walk, followed by losing acquired speech and communicating skills, though high variability was observed, which may indicate that in our population we have patients with both slow and rapid progressive forms of the disease (Héron et al., 2011Héron B, Mikaeloff Y, Froissart R, Caridade G, Maire I, Caillaud C, Levade T, Chabrol B, Feillet F, Ogier H et al. (2011) Incidence and natural history of mucopolysaccharidosis type III in France and comparison with United Kingdom and Greece. Am J Med Genet A 155:58-68. ). Seizures are reported in 30% of MPS III patients (Héron et al., 2011Héron B, Mikaeloff Y, Froissart R, Caridade G, Maire I, Caillaud C, Levade T, Chabrol B, Feillet F, Ogier H et al. (2011) Incidence and natural history of mucopolysaccharidosis type III in France and comparison with United Kingdom and Greece. Am J Med Genet A 155:58-68. ), and are probably underestimated in our patients due to methodological reasons. The use of different antiepileptic drugs in this series suggests that it is indeed the case (Héron et al., 2011Héron B, Mikaeloff Y, Froissart R, Caridade G, Maire I, Caillaud C, Levade T, Chabrol B, Feillet F, Ogier H et al. (2011) Incidence and natural history of mucopolysaccharidosis type III in France and comparison with United Kingdom and Greece. Am J Med Genet A 155:58-68. ).
MPS IIIB is mostly considered a neurologic disease, but our findings show that other somatic manifestations are also very prevalent. Among the most common somatic symptoms related to the onset of the disease are dysmorphic features (macrocephaly, gingival overgrowth and coarse facial features). These data corroborate the findings present in observations previously carried out by the group (Montenegro et al., 2022Montenegro YHA, Souza CFM, Kubaski F, Trapp FB, Burin MG, Michelin-Tirelli K, Leistner-Segal S, Facchin ACB, Medeiros FS, Giugliani L et al. (2022) Sanfilippo syndrome type B: Analysis of patients diagnosed by the MPS Brazil Network. Am J Med Genet A 188:760-767. ).
As the disease progressed, it caught our attention that at least one cardiovascular abnormality was reported in almost 70% of our patients with available data, showing that these abnormalities are more common than expected. Figures 1 C and D show the frequency of the main alterations observed. A recent study revealed that almost 40% of MPS IIIB patients develop valve disease, which was also the most common finding in our sample (Figure 1 c ) (Lin et al., 2019Lin HY, Chen MR, Lin SM, Hung CL, Niu DM, Chang TM, Chuang CK and Lin SP (2019) Cardiac characteristics and natural progression in Taiwanese patients with mucopolysaccharidosis III. Orphanet J Rare Dis 14:140. ). Although usually mild to moderate, it is important to notice that one of our patients died due to cardiorespiratory arrest, which suggests that this aspect of the disease slowly progresses with age, and should be monitored carefully.
Our data also point to a high frequency of other somatic abnormalities, including hepatosplenomegaly (74% of patients) and joint contractures (58%) (Table S1 Table S1 - Data from Brazilian MPS IIIB patients obtained at last recorded visit. ). Other findings such as dysostosis multiplex and even respiratory problems might be underrepresented and is a limitation of this work. As previously reported in a study (Berger et al., 2013Berger KI, Fagondes SC, Giugliani R, Hardy KA, Lee KS, McArdle C, Scarpa M, Tobin MJ, Ward SA and Rapoport DM (2013) Respiratory and sleep disorders in mucopolysaccharidosis. J Inherited Metab Dis 36:201-210. ), respiratory issues such as sleep apnea and upper airway infections were also present in our patients at high frequency (65%). Three of the patients died of pneumonia (15%), due to recurrent airway infections, and one had a sudden unexpected death during sleep. Most of the surgeries were performed in an attempt to ameliorate the respiratory function of the patients. Therefore, future therapies should focus not only on improving brain disease, but also on addressing the other somatic alterations, as they can lead to high morbidity and are often the cause of death for most patients (Whitley et al., 2018Whitley CB, Cleary M, Eugen MK, Harmatz P, Shapiro E, Nestrasil I, Haslett P, Whiteman D and Alexanderian D (2018) Observational prospective natural history of patients with Sanfilippo syndrome type B. J Pediatr 197:198-206. ).
Our results corroborate previous reports and suggest that our Brazilian cohort of patients with MPS IIIB demonstrates to have mostly a severe disease phenotype (Valstar et al., 2011Valstar MJ, Marchal JP, Grootenhuis M, Colland V and Wijburg FA (2011) Cognitive development in patients with Mucopolysaccharidosis type III (Sanfilippo syndrome). Orphanet J Rare Dis 6:43. ). Part of these phenotypic considerations must take into account the genotype of these patients (Montenegro et al., 2022Montenegro YHA, Souza CFM, Kubaski F, Trapp FB, Burin MG, Michelin-Tirelli K, Leistner-Segal S, Facchin ACB, Medeiros FS, Giugliani L et al. (2022) Sanfilippo syndrome type B: Analysis of patients diagnosed by the MPS Brazil Network. Am J Med Genet A 188:760-767. ), as well as the genetic profile of the Brazilian population, since a relationship like this has already been observed in studies with other types of MPS, such as Mucopolysaccharidosis type IVA (Santos-Lopes et al., 2021Santos-Lopes SS, Oliveira JMF, Queiroga ND, Montenegro YHA, Leistner-Segal S, Brusius-Facchin AC, Eufrazino GC, Giugliani R and Medeiros PFV (2021) Demographic, clinical, and ancestry characterization of a large cluster of mucopolysaccharidosis IV A in the Brazilian Northeast region. Am J Med Genet A 185:2929-2940. ). Also, it might be that less severe forms of Sanfilippo are underdiagnosed.
Altogether, our results show diagnosis of MPS IIIB patients in the main medical centers from Brazil is performed with a small delay compared to developed countries. We also showed that MPS IIIB patients have abnormalities that progress with age. The disease progression was characterized in multiple systems, and hopefully these data will help designing appropriate future clinical trials and clinical management guidelines.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the families and patients. This study was supported by CAPES, CNPq and FAPERGS.
References
- Berger KI, Fagondes SC, Giugliani R, Hardy KA, Lee KS, McArdle C, Scarpa M, Tobin MJ, Ward SA and Rapoport DM (2013) Respiratory and sleep disorders in mucopolysaccharidosis. J Inherited Metab Dis 36:201-210.
- Cross EM, Grant S, Jones S, Bigger BW, Wraith JE, Mahon LV, Lomax M and Hare DJ (2014) An investigation of the middle and late behavioural phenotypes of Mucopolysaccharidosis Type-III. J Neurodev Disord 6:46.
- Héron B, Mikaeloff Y, Froissart R, Caridade G, Maire I, Caillaud C, Levade T, Chabrol B, Feillet F, Ogier H et al (2011) Incidence and natural history of mucopolysaccharidosis type III in France and comparison with United Kingdom and Greece. Am J Med Genet A 155:58-68.
- Kim JH, Chi YH, Kim GH, Yoo HW and Lee JH (2016) Long-term clinical course of a patient with mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIB. Korean J Pediatr 59:S37-S40.
- Lin HY, Chen MR, Lin SM, Hung CL, Niu DM, Chang TM, Chuang CK and Lin SP (2019) Cardiac characteristics and natural progression in Taiwanese patients with mucopolysaccharidosis III. Orphanet J Rare Dis 14:140.
- Montenegro YHA, Souza CFM, Kubaski F, Trapp FB, Burin MG, Michelin-Tirelli K, Leistner-Segal S, Facchin ACB, Medeiros FS, Giugliani L et al (2022) Sanfilippo syndrome type B: Analysis of patients diagnosed by the MPS Brazil Network. Am J Med Genet A 188:760-767.
- Neufeld EF, Muenzer J (2001) The mucopolyssacharidoses. In: Scrive C, Beaudet A, Sly W and Vaele D (eds) The Metabolic and Molecular Basis of Inherited Disease. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 3421-3452.
- Ouesleti S, Brunel V, Ben TH, Dranguet H, Miled A, Miladi N, Ben DMF, Lavoinne A, Saugier-Veber P and Bekri S (2011) Molecular characterization of MPS IIIA, MPS IIIB and MPS IIIC in Tunisian patients. Clin Chim Acta 412:2326-2331.
- Ozkinay F, Emecen DA, Kose M, Isik E, Bozaci AE, Canda E, Tuysuz B, Zubarioglu T, Atik T and Onay H (2021) Clinical and genetic features of 13 patients with mucopolysaccarhidosis type IIIB: Description of two novel NAGLU gene mutations. Mol Genet Metab Rep 27:100732.
- Santos-Lopes SS, Oliveira JMF, Queiroga ND, Montenegro YHA, Leistner-Segal S, Brusius-Facchin AC, Eufrazino GC, Giugliani R and Medeiros PFV (2021) Demographic, clinical, and ancestry characterization of a large cluster of mucopolysaccharidosis IV A in the Brazilian Northeast region. Am J Med Genet A 185:2929-2940.
- Shapiro E, Ahmed A, Whitley C and Delaney K (2017) Observing the advanced disease course in mucopolysaccharidosis, type IIIA: a case series. Mol Genet Metab 123:123-126.
- Valstar MJ, Marchal JP, Grootenhuis M, Colland V and Wijburg FA (2011) Cognitive development in patients with Mucopolysaccharidosis type III (Sanfilippo syndrome). Orphanet J Rare Dis 6:43.
- Whitley CB, Cleary M, Eugen MK, Harmatz P, Shapiro E, Nestrasil I, Haslett P, Whiteman D and Alexanderian D (2018) Observational prospective natural history of patients with Sanfilippo syndrome type B. J Pediatr 197:198-206.
Supplementary material
The following online material is available for this article:
Table S1 - Data from Brazilian MPS IIIB patients obtained at last recorded visit.Edited by
Associate Editor:
Publication Dates
-
Publication in this collection
08 Mar 2024 -
Date of issue
2024
History
-
Received
04 Oct 2023 -
Accepted
10 Feb 2024
