Genetic structure and diversity of the Chilean flat oyster <i>Ostrea chilensis</i> (Bivalvia: Ostreidae) along its natural distribution from natural beds subject to different fishing histories

Toro, Jorge E.; Oyarzún, Pablo A.; Toledo, Felipe E.; Navarro, Jorge M.; Illesca, Alex F.; Gardner, Jonathan P.A.

doi:10.1590/1678-4685-GMB-2021-0214

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Animal Genetics • Genet. Mol. Biol. 45 (1) • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4685-GMB-2021-0214 copy

Genetic structure and diversity of the Chilean flat oyster Ostrea chilensis (Bivalvia: Ostreidae) along its natural distribution from natural beds subject to different fishing histories

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Ostrea chilensis (Küster, 1844), the flat oyster, is native to Chile and New Zealand. In Chile, it occurs in a few natural beds, from the northern part of Chiloé Island (41 ºS) to the Guaitecas Archipelago (45 ºS). This bivalve is slow growing, broods its young, and has very limited dispersal potential. The Ostrea chilensis fishery has been over-exploited for a number of decades such that in some locations oysters no longer exist. The aim of this study was to study the genetic diversity of the Chilean flat oyster along its natural distribution to quantify the possible impact of the dredge fishery on wild populations. The genetic structure and diversity of Ostrea chilensis from six natural beds with different histories of fishing activity were estimated. Based on mitochondrial (Cytb) and nuclear (ITS1) DNA sequence variation, our results provide evidence that genetic diversity is different among populations with recent history of wild dredge fishery efforts. We discuss the possible causes of these results. Ultimately, such new information may be used to develop and apply new management measures to promote the sustainable use of this valuable marine resource.

Keywords:
Genetic structure; Chilean flat oyster; genetic diversity

Site	Coordinates	N	Date
Calbuco	41°44’50.7’’S; 73°11’43.1’’W	25	21.01.2018
Quempillén	41°52’16.3’’S; 73°45’57.0’’W	40	26.01.2018
Cayucan	41°50’26.4’’S; 73°54’03.5’’W	25	06.09.2017
Pullinque	41°51’04.4’’S; 73°56’46.8’’W	25	05.12.2017
Bahía Low	43°50’03.3’’S; 73°54’55.7’’W	25	05.12.2017
Isla Johnson	44°21’27.4’’S; 74°24’1.76’’W	25	12.12.2017
Total number of oysters		165

Localities	K		H (SD)		S		Π		π		Tajima’s D		Fu’s FS
Localities	Cytb	ITS	Cytb	ITS	Cytb	ITS	Cytb	ITS	Cytb	ITS	Cytb	ITS	Cytb	ITS
Calbuco	6	8	0.427 (0.122)	0.770 (0.070)	7	7	0.633	1.307	0.00103	0.00277	-2.04^**	-0.91	-3.38^*	-3.26
Quempillén	5	16	0.283 (0.092)	0.924 (0.020)	4	8	0.300	1.982	0.00049	0.00423	-1.64	-0.18	-3.75^*	-0.89
Cayucan	1	10	0.000 (0.000)	0.895 (0.043)	0	8	0.000	1.879	0.00000	0.00396	ns	-0.89	ns	-0.05
Pullinque	3	11	0.195 (0.115)	0.915 (0.050)	2	7	0.200	1.967	0.00032	0.00406	-1.51	-011	-1.86	-0.68
Isla Johnson	1	2	0.000 (0.000)	0.667 (0.314)	0	1	0.000	0.667	0.00000	0.00142	ns	ns	ns	ns
Bahía Low	5	11	0.700 (0.069)	0.897 (0.035)	4	10	0.957	3.640	0.00155	0.00755	-0.33	-1.23	-1.05	-2.08
Cluster 1	10	18	0.250 (0.056)	0.779 (0.031)	10	10	0.303	1.374	0.00049	0.00294	-2.22^**	0.73	-12.91^*	-13.10
Cluster 2	5	11	0.700 (0.069)	0.897 (0.035)	4	10	0.957	3.640	0.00155	0.00755	-0.33	-1.23	-1.05	-2.08
All locations	12	25	0.316 (0.050)	0.837 (0.021)	11	13	0.380	1.929	0.00062	0.00415	-2.07^*	-0.50	-13.38^*	-16.50

Cytb
Locality	CA	QE	CY	PU	BL	JO
Calbuco (CA)		0.00611	0.00026	-0.00657	0.07972^*	0.00462
Quempillén (QE)	-0.00042		0.00168	-0.01865	0.13083^*	0.00531
Cayucan (CY)	0.09323^*	0.04370		0.00000	0.14030^*	0.00000
Pullique (PU)	0.00647	-0.02236	0.02632		0.11110^*	0.00488
Bahía Low (BL)	0.10472^*	0.19295^*	0.31119^*	0.20291^*		0.14945^*
Isla Johnson (JO)	0.10069	0.04843	0.00000	0.03228	0.32358^*
ITS1
Localities	CA	QE	CY	PU	BL	JO
Calbuco (CA)		0.02963	0.01530	0.10883	0.12573^*	-0.03363
Quempillén (QE)	0.00614		0.01672	0.00998	0.05436^*	0.06555
Cayucan (CY)	-0.00714	0.04478		0.02434	0.10312^*	0.03551
Pullique (PU)	0.00586	-0.01247	0.00275		0.06792^*	0.18970
Bahía Low (BL)	0.13483^*	0.08316^*	0.17205^*	0.07638^*		0.05992
Isla Johnson (JO)	0.21813	0.13107	0.23364	0.09901	0.02583

Site	Artisanal Fishing - mean (SD)	Reference
Cluster 1
Calbuco	46 (5.7) t.y^-1	Sernapesca (2018SERNAPESCA (2018) Anuario estadístico de Pesca y Acuicultura, SERNAPESCA (2018) Anuario estadístico de Pesca y Acuicultura, http://www.sernapesca.cl/ (accessed June 2019). http://www.sernapesca.cl/ ... )
Quempillén	2.05 (0.1) t.y^-1	Ramirez (2018Ramirez OA (2018) Dinámica poblacional de la Ostra Chilena (Ostrea chilensis, Philippi 1845) y su relación con la actividad ostricola en el banco natural del estuario Quempillén de la Comuna de Ancud. B. Sc. Thesis, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia , 85 p. )
Cayucan	64 (17.0) t.y^-1	Fundación Chinquihue (2010Fundación Chinquihue (2010) Estudio para recuperar e incrementar la producción y mercados de la ostra chilena, Ostrea chilensis, como una vía de diversificación de las actividades productivas de la pesca artesanal de la Xa Región. In: Videla V, Tilleria J, Leal M, Escalona C and Valencia J (eds) Gobierno Regional X Región de Los Lagos. 342 p.)
Pullinque	113.5 (58.7) t.y^-1	Fundación Chinquihue (2010Fundación Chinquihue (2010) Estudio para recuperar e incrementar la producción y mercados de la ostra chilena, Ostrea chilensis, como una vía de diversificación de las actividades productivas de la pesca artesanal de la Xa Región. In: Videla V, Tilleria J, Leal M, Escalona C and Valencia J (eds) Gobierno Regional X Región de Los Lagos. 342 p.)
Isla Johnson	0.09 (0.01) t.y^-1	Sernapesca (2018SERNAPESCA (2018) Anuario estadístico de Pesca y Acuicultura, SERNAPESCA (2018) Anuario estadístico de Pesca y Acuicultura, http://www.sernapesca.cl/ (accessed June 2019). http://www.sernapesca.cl/ ... )
Total	140 (43.8) t.y^-1	Sernapesca (2018SERNAPESCA (2018) Anuario estadístico de Pesca y Acuicultura, SERNAPESCA (2018) Anuario estadístico de Pesca y Acuicultura, http://www.sernapesca.cl/ (accessed June 2019). http://www.sernapesca.cl/ ... )
Cluster 2
Bahía Low	0.08 (0.01) t.y^-1	Sernapesca (2018SERNAPESCA (2018) Anuario estadístico de Pesca y Acuicultura, SERNAPESCA (2018) Anuario estadístico de Pesca y Acuicultura, http://www.sernapesca.cl/ (accessed June 2019). http://www.sernapesca.cl/ ... )

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[1] Send correspondence to
Jorge E. Toro. Universidad Austral de Chile, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas (ICML), Facultad de Ciencias, Independencia 631, Valdivia, Chile. E-mail: jtoro@uach.cl.