Clinical methods of dynamic and quantitative evaluation of the shoulder and scapula complex: a scoping review

Beraldo, Lucas Menghin; Silva, Marcelle Guimarães; Candotti, Cláudia Tarragô

doi:10.1590/1809-2950/22006029032022EN

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REVIEW ARTICLE • Fisioter. Pesqui. 29 (3) • Jul-Sep 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-2950/22006029032022EN copy

Clinical methods of dynamic and quantitative evaluation of the shoulder and scapula complex: a scoping review

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

The shoulder joint has the greatest range of motion and is the most susceptible to dysfunction. Dynamic and quantitative evaluations of this region provide better information for the clinic but the choice of the method depends on its measurement properties. This study aimed to identify the existing methods of quantitative dynamic evaluation of the shoulder and scapula complex, in a clinical context for the general population, identifying the measurement properties and outcomes of each method. The scoping review included in vivo studies, with samples without a specific clinical condition and involving applicable methods in a clinical context. We identified evaluated outcome, measurement method, and its measurement properties. We selected 29 studies that investigated 12 measurement methods, and evaluated their validity and reliability for 17 different outcomes. Most studies (n=21) addressed the position of the shoulder and the scapula and the derivative outcomes, using mainly the units of inertial measurement (n=5) and inertial magnetic measurement (n=6) as evaluation methods. The outcomes with valid and reliable methods were: shoulder joint range; scapula and shoulder motion range; muscle activity; shoulder joint center; humerus length; torque-time curve; functional performance; scapular dyskinesia; external shoulder rotators force; shoulder joint functionality and range; initial scapular movement; scapula and shoulder position; and shoulder angular velocity.

Keywords
Reproducibility of Results; Range of Motion, Articular; Evaluation Studies as Topic

Outcome	Method	Author	Year	Reliability				Validity
Outcome	Method	Author	Year	Repeatability	Intra-rater reproducibility	Inter-rater reproducibility	Other	Concurrent	Hypotheses-testing
Shoulder joint range	Kinect	Lee et al. ⁽²⁷27. Lee SH, Yoon C, Chung SG, Kim HC, Kwak Y, Park HW, et al. Measurement of shoulder range of motion in patients with adhesive capsulitis using a Kinect. PLoS One. 2015;10(6):e0129398. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129398. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.012...	2015					O
Shoulder joint range	Kinect	Kuster et al. ⁽²⁶26. Kuster RP, Heinlein B, Bauer CM, Graf ES. Accuracy of KinectOne to quantify kinematics of the upper body. Gait Posture. 2016;47:80-5. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2016.04.004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2016....	2016		O			O
Scapula range of motion	Electromagnetic sensors	Thigpen et al. ⁽²⁰20. Thigpen CA, Gross MT, Karas SG, Garrett WE, Yu B. The repeatability of scapular rotations across three planes of humeral elevation. Res Sports Med. 2005;13(3):181-98. doi: 10.1080/15438620500222489. https://doi.org/10.1080/1543862050022248...	2005	O	O
	IMMU	Parel et al. ⁽²¹21. Parel I, Cutti AG, Fiumana G, Porcellini G, Verni G, Accardo AP. Ambulatory measurement of the scapulohumeral rhythm: intra- and inter-operator agreement of a protocol based on inertial and magnetic sensors. Gait Posture. 2012;35(4):636-40. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2011.12.015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2011....	2012		O	O
	IMMU	Parel et al. ⁽²²22. Parel I, Cutti AG, Kraszewski A, Verni G, Hillstrom H, Kontaxis A. Intra-protocol repeatability and inter-protocol agreement for the analysis of scapulo-humeral coordination. Med Biol Eng Comput. 2014;52(3):271-82. doi: 10.1007/s11517-013-1121-y. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11517-013-1121-...	2014	O				O
Shoulder range of motion	Kinect	Xu et al. ⁽²³23. Xu X, Robertson M, Chen KB, Lin JH, McGorry RW. Using the Microsoft KinectTM to assess 3-D shoulder kinematics during computer use. Appl Ergon. 2017;65:418-23. doi: 10.1016/j.apergo.2017.04.004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2017.04...	2017					O
	Electromagnetic sensors	Jordan et al. ⁽²⁴24. Jordan K, Dziedzic K, Jones PW, Ong BN, Dawes PT. The reliability of the three-dimensional FASTRAK measurement system in measuring cervical spine and shoulder range of motion in healthy subjects. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2000;39(4):382-8. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/39.4.382. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/39....	2000		O	O
	IMMU	Picerno et al. ⁽²⁵25. Picerno P, Caliandro P, Iacovelli C, Simbolotti C, Crabolu M, Pani D, et al. Upper limb joint kinematics using wearable magnetic and inertial measurement units: an anatomical calibration procedure based on bony landmark identification. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):14449. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-50759-z. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-50759...	2019					O
Muscle activity	Surface electromyography	Seitz and Uhl³²32. Seitz AL, Uhl TL. Reliability and minimal detectable change in scapulothoracic neuromuscular activity. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2012;22(6):968-74. doi: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2012.05.003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2012.0...	2012	O	O
Muscle activity	Surface electromyography	Hackett et al. ⁽³³33. Hackett L, Reed D, Halaki M, Ginn KA. Assessing the validity of surface electromyography for recording muscle activation patterns from serratus anterior. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2014;24(2):221-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2014.01.007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2014.0...	2014					X
Shoulder joint center	IMMU	Crabolu et al. ⁽²⁹29. Crabolu M, Pani D, Raffo L, Conti M, Crivelli P, Cereatti A. In vivo estimation of the shoulder joint center of rotation using magneto-inertial sensors: MRI-based accuracy and repeatability assessment. Biomed Eng Online. 2017;16(1):34. doi: 10.1186/s12938-017-0324-0. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12938-017-0324-...	2017	O				O
Humerus length	IMMU	Crabolu et al. ⁽³⁰30. Crabolu M, Pani D, Raffo L, Conti M, Cereatti A. Functional estimation of bony segment lengths using magneto-inertial sensing: application to the humerus. PLoS One. 2018;13(9):e0203861. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203861. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.020...	2018					O
Torque-time curve	IMU	Picerno et al. ⁽¹⁵15. Picerno P, Viero V, Donati M, Triossi T, Tancredi V, Melchiorri G. Ambulatory assessment of shoulder abduction strength curve using a single wearable inertial sensor. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2015;52(2):171-80. doi: 10.1682/jrrd.2014.06.0146. https://doi.org/10.1682/jrrd.2014.06.014...	2015	O
Functional performance	FIT-HaNSA	MacDermid et al. ⁽³⁴34. MacDermid JC, Ghobrial M, Quirion KB, St-Amour M, Tsui T, Humphreys D, et al. Validation of a new test that assesses functional performance of the upper extremity and neck (FIT-HaNSA) in patients with shoulder pathology. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2007;8:42. doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-8-42. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2474-8-42...	2007				O	O	O
Functional performance	IMU	Jolles et al. ⁽³¹31. Jolles BM, Duc C, Coley B, Aminian K, Pichonnaz C, Bassin JP, et al. Objective evaluation of shoulder function using body-fixed sensors: a new way to detect early treatment failures? J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2011;20(7):1074-81. doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2011.05.026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2011.05.02...	2011		O			O	O
Scapular dyskinesis	Video analysis	Totlis et al. ⁽³⁵35. Totlis T, Kitridis D, Tsikopoulos K, Georgoulis A. A computer tablet software can quantify the deviation of scapula medial border from the thoracic wall during clinical assessment of scapula dyskinesis. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2021;29(1):202-9. doi: 10.1007/s00167-020-05916-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-020-05916...	2021	O					O
External shoulder rotators force	Repetition until failure	Popchak et al. ⁽³⁶36. Popchak A, Poploski K, Patterson-Lynch B, Nigolian J, Lin A. Reliability and validity of a return to sports testing battery for the shoulder. Phys Ther Sport. 2021;48:1-11. doi: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2020.12.003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2020.12.0...	2021		O			X
External shoulder rotators force	Manual dynamometer	Johansson et al. ⁽³⁷37. Johansson FR, Skillgate E, Lapauw ML, Clijmans D, Deneulin VP, Palmans T, et al. Measuring eccentric strength of the shoulder external rotators using a handheld dynamometer: reliability and validity. J Athl Train. 2015;50(7):719-25. doi: 10.4085/1062-6050-49.3.72. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-49.3.7...	2015			O		O
Shoulder joint functionality and range	ABC loops	Pearl et al. ⁽³⁸38. Pearl ML, van de Bunt F, Pearl M, Lightdale-Miric N, Rethlefsen S, Loiselle J. Assessing shoulder motion in children: age limitations to Mallet and ABC loops. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2014;472(2):740-8. doi: 10.1007/s11999-013-3324-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-013-3324-...	2014		O	O
Shoulder joint functionality and range	Mallet Scale		2014		O	O
Initial scapular movement	Inclinometer	Larsen et al. ⁽³⁹39. Larsen CM, Søgaard K, Eshoj H, Ingwersen K, Juul-Kristensen B. Clinical assessment methods for scapular position and function. An inter-rater reliability study. Physiother Theory Pract. 2020;36(12):1399-420. doi: 10.1080/09593985.2019.1579284. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593985.2019.15...	2020			X
Scapula position	Electromagnetic sensors	Haik, Alburquerque-Sendín and Camargo⁴4. Haik MN, Alburquerque-Sendín F, Camargo PR. Reliability and minimal detectable change of 3-dimensional scapular orientation in individuals with and without shoulder impingement. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2014;44(5):341-9. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2014.4705. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2014.4705...	2014	O	O
	IMMU	van den Noort et al. ⁽¹³13. van den Noort JC, Wiertsema SH, Hekman KMC, Schönhuth CP, Dekker J, Harlaar J. Reliability and precision of 3D wireless measurement of scapular kinematics. Med Biol Eng Comput. 2014;52(11):921-31. doi: 10.1007/s11517-014-1186-2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11517-014-1186-...	2014		O	O
	IMMU	Höglund, Grip and Öhberg¹²12. Höglund G, Grip H, Öhberg F. The importance of inertial measurement unit placement in assessing upper limb motion. Med Eng Phys. 2021;92:1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2021.03.010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medengphy.2021...	2021				X
Shoulder position	Video analysis	Melton et al. ⁽¹⁹19. Melton C, Mullineaux DR, Mattacola CG, Mair SD, Uhl TL. Reliability of video motion-analysis systems to measure amplitude and velocity of shoulder elevation. J Sport Rehabil. 2011;20(4):393-405. doi: 10.1123/jsr.20.4.393. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsr.20.4.393...	2011						O
	Video analysis	Oyama et al. ⁽¹⁶16. Oyama S, Sosa A, Campbell R, Correa A. Reliability and validity of quantitative video analysis of baseball pitching motion. J Appl Biomech. 2017;33(1):64-8. doi: 10.1123/jab.2016-0011. https://doi.org/10.1123/jab.2016-0011...	2017		O	X		X
	IMU	Picerno et al. ⁽¹⁵15. Picerno P, Viero V, Donati M, Triossi T, Tancredi V, Melchiorri G. Ambulatory assessment of shoulder abduction strength curve using a single wearable inertial sensor. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2015;52(2):171-80. doi: 10.1682/jrrd.2014.06.0146. https://doi.org/10.1682/jrrd.2014.06.014...	2015	O				O
		Ertzgaard et al. ⁽¹⁷17. Ertzgaard P, Öhberg F, Gerdle B, Grip H. A new way of assessing arm function in activity using kinematic Exposure Variation Analysis and portable inertial sensors - a validity study. Man Ther. 2016;21:241-9. doi: 10.1016/j.math.2015.09.004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2015.09.0...	2016	O				O
		Morrow et al. ⁽¹⁴14. Morrow MB, Lowndes B, Fortune E, Kaufman KR, Hallbeck MS. Validation of inertial measurement units for upper body kinematics. J Appl Biomech. 2017;33(3):227-32. doi: 10.1123/jab.2016-0120. https://doi.org/10.1123/jab.2016-0120...	2017					O
	IMMU	Zhou et al. ⁽¹⁸18. Zhou H, Stone T, Hu H, Harris N. Use of multiple wearable inertial sensors in upper limb motion tracking. Med Eng Phys. 2008;30(1):123-33. doi: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2006.11.010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medengphy.2006...	2008					O
	IMMU	Höglund, Grip and Öhberg¹²12. Höglund G, Grip H, Öhberg F. The importance of inertial measurement unit placement in assessing upper limb motion. Med Eng Phys. 2021;92:1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2021.03.010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medengphy.2021...	2021				X
Shoulder angular velocity	Video analysis	Melton et al. ⁽¹⁹19. Melton C, Mullineaux DR, Mattacola CG, Mair SD, Uhl TL. Reliability of video motion-analysis systems to measure amplitude and velocity of shoulder elevation. J Sport Rehabil. 2011;20(4):393-405. doi: 10.1123/jsr.20.4.393. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsr.20.4.393...	2011	O					O
Shoulder angular velocity	IMU	Roldán-Jiménez, Martin-Martin and Cuesta-Vargas²⁸28. Roldán-Jiménez C, Martin-Martin J, Cuesta-Vargas AI. Reliability of a smartphone compared with an inertial sensor to measure shoulder mobility: cross-sectional study. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2019;7(9):e13640. doi: 10.2196/13640. https://doi.org/10.2196/13640...	2019					O
Shoulder mean angular velocity	IMU	Picerno et al. ⁽¹⁵15. Picerno P, Viero V, Donati M, Triossi T, Tancredi V, Melchiorri G. Ambulatory assessment of shoulder abduction strength curve using a single wearable inertial sensor. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2015;52(2):171-80. doi: 10.1682/jrrd.2014.06.0146. https://doi.org/10.1682/jrrd.2014.06.014...	2015	O

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