Relação entre forças de caráter e Tríade Sombria

Este estudo objetivou verificar a diferença média das 24 forças de caráter considerando o nível de cada força em relação à Tríade Sombria da personalidade. Participaram 284 pessoas, 71.5% do sexo feminino, com média de idade de 29,06 anos (DP = 9,73), respondendo à Escala de Força de Caráter e à Short Dark Triad. Para o maquiavelismo e a psicopatia, forças específicas são caracterizadas por sua forma subutilizada, enquanto, para o narcisismo, as forças, exceto modéstia, são usadas em demasia. Assim, conclui-se que a subutilização e o uso excessivo de forças podem resultar em desfechos negativos além dos aspectos positivos valorizados socialmente.

Palavras-chave:
Traços de personalidade; Psicologia positiva; Psicopatologia

Autoria

Leonardo de Oliveira BARROS

Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Psicologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia. Estrada de São Lázaro, 196, Instituto de Psicologia, Federação, 40210-730, Salvador, BA, Brasil.Universidade Federal da BahiaBrasilSalvador, BA, Brasil Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Psicologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia. Estrada de São Lázaro, 196, Instituto de Psicologia, Federação, 40210-730, Salvador, BA, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8406-0515

Bruno BONFÁ-ARAUJO

Universidade São Francisco, Departamento de Psicologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia. Campinas, SP, Brasil.Universidade São FranciscoBrasilCampinas, SP, Brasil Universidade São Francisco, Departamento de Psicologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia. Campinas, SP, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0702-9992

Ana Paula Porto NORONHA

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6821-0299

Correspondence to: L.O. BARROS. E-mail: <leonardobarros_lob@hotmail.com>.

Contributors

L. O. BARROS was responsible for the conception of the idea, data collection, data analysis and writing the manuscript. B. BONFÁ-ARAUJO was responsible for the conception of the idea, data collection, writing and revision of the manuscript. A. P. P. NORONHA was responsible for the conception of the idea, writing and revision of the manuscript.

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Tabelas

Tabelas (4)

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Table 1.
Descriptive statistics

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Table 2.
Analysis of variance with Tukey post hoc test of Character Strengths levels and Narcissism

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Table 3.
Analysis of variance with Tukey or Games-Howell post hoc test of Character Strength levels and Psychopathy

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Table 4.
Analysis of variance with Tukey or Games-Howell post hoc test of Character Strengths and Machiavellianism

Table 1. Descriptive statistics

Character Strengths	Mean	Standard Deviation	Kolmogorov-Smirnov	Shapiro-Wilk
Creativity	7.87	2.32	0.09^**	0.97^**
Curiosity	9.79	2.06	0.16^**	0.89^**
Critical thinking	9.78	1.91	0.18^**	0.90^**
Love of learning	9.74	2.28	0.12^**	0.86^**
Perspective	8.66	2.30	0.13^**	0.95^**
Authenticity	9.23	1.92	0.10^**	0.94^**
Bravery	7.65	2.52	0.15^**	0.96^**
Persistence	9.35	2.36	0.16^**	0.89^**
Vitality	8.29	2.87	0.16^**	0.92^**
Intimacy	8.61	2.53	0.11^**	0.90^**
Kindness	9.78	1.96	0.13^**	0.94^**
Social intelligence	8.80	2.38	0.16^**	0.93^**
Fairness	10.13	1.71	0.11^**	0.89^**
Leadership	7.98	2.51	0.12^**	0.96^**
Citizenship	9.19	1.99	0.09^**	0.93^**
Forgiveness	7.27	3.02	0.09^**	0.96^**
Modesty	9.57	1.93	0.14^**	0.92^**
Prudence	9.41	2.03	0.12^**	0.92^**
Self-regulation	7.63	2.59	0.09^**	0.97^**
Appreciation of beauty	6.71	1.37	0.20^**	0.83^**
Gratitude	9.91	2.45	0.20^**	0.81^**
Hope	9.64	2.58	0.18^**	0.84^**
Humor	8.62	2.53	0.13^**	0.93^**
Spirituality	8.78	3.36	0.16^**	0.85^**
Machiavellianism	23.23	6.25	0.06^*	0.98^**
Narcissism	21.71	4.56	0.06^**	0.99^*
Psychopathy	14.98	4.97	0.14^**	0.90^**
Dark Triad	59.91	12.84	0.05^*	0.97^**

Note: *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01.

Table 2. Analysis of variance with Tukey post hoc test of Character Strengths levels and Narcissism

Character Strengths	F (df)	Multiple comparisons between groups		Mean Differences	Bootstrapping (95% CI BCa)			η²
Character Strengths	F (df)	Multiple comparisons between groups		Mean Differences	Std. Error	Lower Bound	Upper Bound	η²
Creativity	8.709 (2)^**	Low	Average	-0.90	0.70	-2.21	0.46	0.06
		Low	High	-2.58	0.65	-3.83	-1.35
		Average	High	-1.68	0.62	-2.94	-0.52
Critical thinking	3.126 (2)^*	Low	Average	-1.19	0.59	-2.30	0.07	0.02
		Low	High	-1.57	0.71	-3.07	0.16
		Average	High	-0.37	0.73	-1.85	1.11
Love of learning	3.378 (2)^*	Low	Average	-1.73	0.67	-3.18	0.31	0.02
		Low	High	-1.12	0.72	-2.63	-0.29
		Average	High	0.60	0.60	0.55	1.72
Perspective	10.408 (2)^**	Low	Average	-1.85	0.69	-3.13	-0.47	0.07
		Low	High	-2.90	0.68	-4.30	-1.56
		Average	High	-1.05	0.58	-2.25	0.19
Social Intelligence	9.557 (2)^**	Low	Average	-2.17	0.63	-3.42	-0.85	0.06
		Low	High	-3.02	0.77	-4.51	-1.48
		Average	High	-0.85	0.65	-2.12	0.32
Leadership	11.084 (2)^**	Low	Average	-2.23	0.64	-3.49	-0.96	0.07
		Low	High	-3.16	0.68	-4.53	-1.78
		Average	High	-0.92	0.62	-2.11	0.27
Citizenship	5.375 (2)^**	Low	Average	-1.61	0.66	-2.93	-0.19	0.03
		Low	High	-2.07	0.70	-3.50	-0.69
		Average	High	-0.45	0.64	-1.60	0.68
Modesty	3.590 (2)^*	Low	Average	1.17	0.68	-0.32	2.60	0.07
		Low	High	1.75	0.69	0.32	3.13
		Average	High	0.64	0.63	-0.51	1.87
Humor	5.891 (2)^*	Low	Average	-0.79	0.66	-2.12	0.49	0.04
		Low	High	-2.44	0.76	-3.95	-0.94
		Average	High	-1.65	0.65	-2.98	-0.40

Note: *p < 0.05; **p < 0.001. CI BCa: Confidence Interval Bias Corrected and accelerated; df: degrees of freedom; F:ANOVA test; η2: eta-squared.

Table 3. Analysis of variance with Tukey or Games-Howell post hoc test of Character Strength levels and Psychopathy

Character Strengths	F (df)	Multiple comparisons between groups		Mean Differences	Bootstrapping (95% CI BCa)			η²
Character Strengths	F (df)	Multiple comparisons between groups		Mean Differences	Std. Error	Lower Bound	Upper Bound	η²
Love of learning	3.245 (2)^*	Low	Average	1.53	0.74	0.05	3.16	0.02
		Low	High	1.87	0.86	0.10	3.59
		Average	High	0.34	0.71	-1.16	1.70
Authenticity^a	5.331 (2)^*	Low	Average	2.09	0.61	0.85	3.41	0.03
		Low	High	1.04	0.80	-0.42	2.54
		Average	High	-1.04	0.74	-2.34	0.26
Persistence^a	6.993 (2)^*	Low	Average	1.09	0.75	-0.32	2.37	0.05
		Low	High	2.77	0.77	1.31	4.20
		Average	High	1.74	0.63	0.49	2.97
Vitality	4.044 (2)^*	Low	Average	1.21	0.69	-0.13	2.55	0.02
		Low	High	2.29	0.83	0.64	3.99
		Average	High	1.08	0.70	-0.37	2.53
Kindness	12.067 (2)^**	Low	Average	0.65	0.87	-1.19	2.52	0.08
		Low	High	2.95	0.60	1.62	4.10
		Average	High	2.29	0.85	0.61	4.02
Justice	7.878 (2)^**	Low	Average	1.32	0.65	0.04	2.76	0.05
		Low	High	2.96	0.76	1.32	4.47
		Average	High	1.64	0.74	0.20	3.04
Leadership	3.536 (2)^*	Low	Average	0.91	0.74	-0.44	2.31	0.02
		Low	High	2.03	0.78	0.49	3.44
		Average	High	1.12	0.70	-0.20	2.36
Citizenship^a	9.540 (2)^**	Low	Average	0.58	0.69	-0.86	1.99	0.06
		Low	High	2.90	0.71	1.53	4.26
		Average	High	2.32	0.70	0.94	3.65
Forgiveness^a	13.691 (2)^**	Low	Average	2.01	0.67	0.72	3.31	0.10
		Low	High	3.99	0.72	2.46	5.56
		Average	High	1.97	0.63	0.64	3.31
Modesty^a	17.013 (2)^**	Low	Average	2.53	0.71	1.05	3.96	0.13
		Low	High	4.20	0.71	2.78	5.64
		Average	High	1.66	0.63	0.36	2.92
Prudence	5.369 (2)^*	Low	Average	1.25	0.74	-0.20	2.68	0.03
		Low	High	2.32	0.71	0.94	3.69
		Average	High	1.06	0.63	-0.23	2.36
Self-regulation	14.213 (2)^**	Low	Average	1.56	0.68	0.26	2.76	0.10
		Low	High	3.89	0.74	2.42	5.31
		Average	High	2.32	0.66	0.85	3.81
Gratitude	9.779 (2)^**	Low	Average	1.49	0.74	-0.01	2.89	0.06
		Low	High	3.02	0.64	1.78	4.23
		Average	High	1.52	0.70	0.08	3.03
Hope	4.740 (2)^*	Low	Average	1.09	0.74	-0.35	2.50	0.03
		Low	High	2.32	0.79	0.60	3.89
		Average	High	1.23	0.69	-0.22	2.50
Spirituality	5.301 (2)^*	Low	Average	0.65	0.72	-0.72	2.02	0.03
		Low	High	2.36	0.74	0.79	3.71
		Average	High	1.71	0.68	0.35	2.97

Note: ^a: Welsh test and Games-Howell post hoc test. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.001. CI BCa: Confidence Interval Bias-Corrected and accelerated; df: degrees of freedom; F: ANOVA test; η2: eta-squared.

Table 4. Analysis of variance with Tukey or Games-Howell post hoc test of Character Strengths and Machiavellianism

Character Strengths	F (df)	Multiple comparisons between groups		Mean Differences	Bootstrapping (95% CI BCa)			η²
Character Strengths	F (df)	Multiple comparisons between groups		Mean Differences	Std. Error	Lower Bound	Upper Bound	η²
Authenticity	3.426 (2)^*	Low	Average	1.80	0.83	0.15	3.56	0.02
		Low	High	2.27	1.02	0.35	4.19
		Average	High	0.46	0.93	-1.46	2.28
Persistence	5.453 (2)^*	Low	Average	1.59	0.94	-0.11	3.43	0.03
		Low	High	3.02	0.95	1.14	4.95
		Average	High	1.43	0.85	-0.17	3.06
Vitality	2.877 (2)^*	Low	Average	-0.08	0.82	-1.78	1.53	0.02
		Low	High	1.96	0.99	-0.08	3.83
		Average	High	2.05	0.94	0.10	3.83
Kindness	3.619 (2)^*	Low	Average	0.12	1.17	-2.34	2.34	0.02
		Low	High	2.03	0.81	0.52	3.70
		Average	High	1.90	1.13	-0.24	4.10
Forgiveness^a	9.999 (2)^**	Low	Average	2.82	0.88	1.19	4.56	0.07
		Low	High	4.40	0.95	2.50	6.28
		Average	High	1.57	0.81	-0.11	3.26
Modesty	6.495 (2)^*	Low	Average	2.21	0.97	0.31	4.09	0.04
		Low	High	3.17	0.92	1.26	5.16
		Average	High	0.96	0.84	-0.78	2.75

Note: ^aWelsh test and Games-Howell post hoc test. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.001. CI BCa: Confidence Interval Bias-Corrected and accelerated; df: degrees of freedom; F: ANOVA test; η² = eta-squared.

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Relação entre forças de caráter e Tríade Sombria

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[1] Correspondence to: L.O. BARROS. E-mail: <leonardobarros_lob@hotmail.com>.