Impacto da produção de biodiesel na geração de águas residuais

Postaue, Najla; Fonseca, Jhessica Marchini; Bergamasco, Rosangela; Silva, Camila da

Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

Brasil

Engenharia Sanitaria e Ambiental

Español English

Brasil

Español English

sumário « anterior atual seguinte »

Sumário

Literature Review • Eng. Sanit. Ambient. 27 (2) • Mar-Apr 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-415220210086 copiar

Impacto da produção de biodiesel na geração de águas residuais

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

RESUMO

A produção de biodiesel tem-se intensificado nos últimos anos e o método tradicionalmente aplicado para sua produção é a transesterificação alcalina homogênea, com a formação de ésteres e glicerol, que precisam ser separados. Além disso, o biodiesel bruto precisa ser purificado no final da reação para remover o catalisador, glicerol, sabão, óleo e álcool restantes, que podem prejudicar o desempenho do motor. Esse processo gera grandes quantidades de águas residuais que precisam ser descartadas de forma adequada para evitar a poluição do meio ambiente. Este artigo apresenta uma revisão do processo de produção de biodiesel e a necessidade de uma etapa de purificação, com foco na geração de efluentes. Métodos tradicionais e avançados para o tratamento de águas residuais provenientes da produção de biodiesel são descritos e discutidos. Detalhes sobre patentes publicadas nos últimos cinco anos, relacionadas a técnicas de tratamento dessas águas residuais, também estão incluídos.

Palavras-chave:
tratamentos avançados; biodiesel ; tratamento convencional; poluição; purificação; águas residuais

Properties	Unity	ANP Nº 45/2014	ASTM D6751	EN 14214
Ester content, min	% wt	96.50	–	96.50
Acidity index, max	mg KOH g⁻¹	0.50	0.50	0.50
Free glycerol, max	% wt	0.02	0.02	0.02
Total glycerol, max	% wt	0.25	0.24	0.25
Na + K content, max	mg kg⁻¹	5.0	5.0	5.0
Methanol or ethanol, max	% wt	0.20	0.20	0.20

Process	Advantages	Disadvantages
Wet washing	Simple and effective; allows use of aqueous acid solutions and biodiesel to meet standard	Longer time; large amount of effluent and reduction of biodiesel yield (formation of free fatty acids and emulsion)
Dry washing	Low-cost natural adsorbents; less time compared to wet washing and allows continuous operation	Requires separate mixing and filtering unit and high cost of commercial adsorbents

Source	pH	COD	O&G	TSS	Reference
Previously treated wash water	7.29	3,051	–	3,820	*Sassi et al. (2017*SASSI, P. G. P.; CALIXTO, C. D.; SANTANA, J. K. DA S.; SASSI, R.; SASSI, C. F. C.; ABRAHÃO, R. Cultivation of freshwater microalgae in biodiesel wash water. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, p. 18332-18340, 2017. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9351-4 http://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9351-4... )
Pretreated by a step of acidification using H₂SO₄	2.90	5,960	1,440	1,000	*Costa et al. (2017*COSTA, N. M.; SILVA, V. M.; DAMACENO, G.; SOUSA, R. M. F.; RICHTER, E. M.; MACHADO, A. E. H.; TROV, A. G. Integrating coagulation - flocculation and UV-C or H2O2/UV-C as alternatives for pre- or complete treatment of biodiesel effluents. Journal of Environmental Management, v. 203, p. 229-236, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.07.069 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.0... )
Treated by coagulation–flocculation followed by filtration	9.70	17,016	2,095	3,440	*Gonçalves et al. (2017a)*GONÇALVES, B. R.; MACHADO, A. E. H.; TROVÓ, A. G. Treatment of a biodiesel effluent by coupling coagulation-flocculation, membrane filtration and Fenton reactions. Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 142, p. 1918-1921, 2017. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.11.092 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.11...
Alkaline transesterification (lab-scale)	9.70	26,376	2,166	5,004	*Gonçalves et al. (2017b)*GONÇALVES, B. R.; NETO, W. B.; MACHADO, A. E. H.; TROVÓ, A. G. Biodiesel Wastewater Treatment by Coagulation-Flocculation: Evaluation and Optimization of Operational Parameters. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, v. 28, n. 5, p. 800-807, 2017. https://doi.org/10.21577/0103-5053.20160231 https://doi.org/10.21577/0103-5053.20160...
Alkaline transesterification (lab-scale)	2.90	9,935	1,012	–	*Costa et al. (2018*COSTA, N. M.; SILVA, G. D.; MARSON, E. O.; RICHTER, E. M.; MACHADO, A. E. H.; TROVÓ, A. G. Enhanced treatment of a biodiesel effluent using ferrioxalate in a photo- Fenton process based on the use of solar radiation. Fuel, v. 221, p. 110-115, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.02.086 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.02.0... )
Alkaline transesterification (lab-scale)	6.50	4,550		1,001	*Bashir et al. (2018*BASHIR, M. A.; THIRI, M.; YANG, X.; YANG, Y.; SAFDAR, A. M. Purification of biodiesel via pre-washing of transesterified waste oil to produce less contaminated wastewater. Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 180, p. 466-471, 2018. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.01.126 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.01... )
Alkaline transesterification (lab-scale)	7.30	5,556	730	–	*Stroparo et al. (2018*STROPARO, E. C.; MOLLINARI, K. C.; SOUZA, K. V. DE. Use of chitosan in the remediation of water from purification of biodiesel. Polímeros, v. 28, p. 400-405, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-1428.02416 https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-1428.02416... )
Fuel plant	8.30	–	650	3,126	*Torres et al. (2018*TORRES, N. H.; LIMA, Á. S.; FERREIRA, L. F. R.; DE ANDRADE OLIVEIRA, J.; CAVALCANTI, E. B. Treatment of wastewater from biodiesel generation and its toxicity evaluation by raphidocelis subcapitata. Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering, v. 35, n. 2, p. 563-574, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-6632.20180352s20170048 https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-6632.201803... )
Fuel plant	3.85–6.56	88,005	–	–	*Daud et al. (2018*DAUD, N. M.; ROZAIMAH, S.; ABDULLAH, S. Response surface methodological analysis for the optimization of acid-catalyzed transesterification biodiesel wastewater pre-treatment using coagulation – flocculation process. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, v. 113, n. 2014, p. 184-192, 2018. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2017.10.006 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2017.10.00... )
Alkaline transesterification (lab-scale)	1.66	24,210	2,237	–	*Brito et al. (2019*BRITO, G. F. DA S.; OLIVEIRA, R.; GRISOLIA, C. K.; GUIRRA, L. S.; WEBER, I. T.; DE ALMEIDA, F. V. Evaluation of advanced oxidative processes in biodiesel wastewater treatment. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, v. 375, p. 85-90, 2019. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2019.01.013 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2019... )

Treatment	Wastewater characteristics*	% Removal				Reference
Treatment	Wastewater characteristics*	TOC	BOD	COD	O&G	Reference
Electrooxidation (Ti/RuO₂)	BOD 168,000–300,000 COD 321,000–855,000 O&G 18,000–22,000	nr	41	63	97	*Jaruwat et al. (2016*JARUWAT, P.; PITAKPOOLSIL, W.; HUNSOM, M. Treatment of biodiesel wastewater by indirect electrooxidation : Effect of additives and process kinetics. Korean Journal Chemical Engineering, v. 33, n. 7, p. 2090-2096, 2016. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-016-0045-2 http://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-016-0045-2... )
H₂O₂/UVC	COD 5,960 BOD₅ 2,890 O&G 1,440	nr	76²	78	nr	*Costa et al. (2017*COSTA, N. M.; SILVA, V. M.; DAMACENO, G.; SOUSA, R. M. F.; RICHTER, E. M.; MACHADO, A. E. H.; TROV, A. G. Integrating coagulation - flocculation and UV-C or H2O2/UV-C as alternatives for pre- or complete treatment of biodiesel effluents. Journal of Environmental Management, v. 203, p. 229-236, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.07.069 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.0... )
FM¹ and Fenton	COD 17,016 O&G 2,095	nr	nr	90	98	*Gonçalves et al. (2017a)*GONÇALVES, B. R.; MACHADO, A. E. H.; TROVÓ, A. G. Treatment of a biodiesel effluent by coupling coagulation-flocculation, membrane filtration and Fenton reactions. Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 142, p. 1918-1921, 2017. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.11.092 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.11...
Oxidation and Coagulation	COD 2,954	nr	nr	82	nr	*Yang et al. (2017*YANG, Y.; ZHOU, Z.; LU, C.; CHEN, Y.; GE, H.; WANG, L. Treatment of chemical cleaning wastewater and cost optimization by response surface methodology coupled nonlinear programming. Journal of Environmental Management, v. 198, p. 12-20, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.05.009 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.0... )
Wet air oxidation	COD 4,310 TOC 1,050	45	nr	55	nr	Solís, Rivas and Sol. (2019SOLÍS, R. R.; RIVAS, F. J.; SOL, R. R. Toxic / Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering Peroxymonosulfate promoted wet air oxidation of a real wastewater from a biodiesel production plant. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, v. 0, n. 0, p. 1-9, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2018.1530538 https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2018.15... )
Electrocoagulation	TOC 98,120 COD 399,800 O&G 25,000	92	nr	92	nr	Tanatti, Sengil and Ozdemir (2018TANATTI, N. P.; ŞENGIL, İ. A.; ÖZDEMIR, A. Optimizing TOC and COD removal for the biodiesel wastewater by electrocoagulation. Applied Water Science, v. 8, n. 2, p. 1-10, 2018. http://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-018-0701-2 http://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-018-0701-2... )
Flocculation/coagulation and electrochemical	TOC 6,004	78	nr	nr	nr	*Torres et al. (2018*TORRES, N. H.; LIMA, Á. S.; FERREIRA, L. F. R.; DE ANDRADE OLIVEIRA, J.; CAVALCANTI, E. B. Treatment of wastewater from biodiesel generation and its toxicity evaluation by raphidocelis subcapitata. Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering, v. 35, n. 2, p. 563-574, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-6632.20180352s20170048 https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-6632.201803... )
Flocculation/coagulation and photo-Fenton	COD 9,935 BOD₅ 5,390 O&G 1,012	nr	88²	72	78	*Costa et al.* (2018**COSTA, N. M.; SILVA, G. D.; MARSON, E. O.; RICHTER, E. M.; MACHADO, A. E. H.; TROVÓ, A. G. Enhanced treatment of a biodiesel effluent using ferrioxalate in a photo- Fenton process based on the use of solar radiation. Fuel, v. 221, p. 110-115, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.02.086 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.02.0... )
HMBB³	TOC 1,257 COD 4,061 BOD 1,649 O&G 1,232	68	nr	69	nr	*Gonçalves et al. (2019*GONÇALVES, L. DE O.; STARLING, M. C. V. M.; LEAL, C. D.; OLIVEIRA, D. V. M.; ARAÚJO, J. C.; LEÃO, M. M. D.; AMORIM, C. C. Enhanced biodiesel industry wastewater treatment via a hybrid MBBR combined with advanced oxidation processes: analysis of active microbiota and toxicity removal. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, v. 26, n. 5, p. 4521-4536, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2710-y https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2710-... )
Fenton	TOC 1,275 COD 4,061 BOD 1,649 O&G 1,232	nr	nr	90	nr	*Gonçalves et al. (2019*GONÇALVES, L. DE O.; STARLING, M. C. V. M.; LEAL, C. D.; OLIVEIRA, D. V. M.; ARAÚJO, J. C.; LEÃO, M. M. D.; AMORIM, C. C. Enhanced biodiesel industry wastewater treatment via a hybrid MBBR combined with advanced oxidation processes: analysis of active microbiota and toxicity removal. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, v. 26, n. 5, p. 4521-4536, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2710-y https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2710-... )

Patent	Treatment type	Reference
CN105984999	Conventional	*Bingna et al. (2016*BINGNA, S.; XINQUAN, C.; YULAN, L.; BENGANG, F.; ZHENDONG, Z. Treatment technology for biodiesel wastewater, 2016.)
CN106365380	Conventional	*Xin et al. (2016*BINGNA, S.; XINQUAN, C.; YULAN, L.; BENGANG, F.; ZHENDONG, Z. Treatment technology for biodiesel wastewater, 2016.)
BR 1020150309759	Combined¹ 1 Application of two or more methods (conventional and advanced method).	*Soletti et al. (2017*SOLETTI, J. I.; TONHOLO, J.; PAIVA, C. L. DE; ZANTA, I.; UCHÔA, S. B. B.; ARAÚJO, J. L. Tratamento de efluente proveniente da lavagem de biodiesel com uso de eletroflotação/eletrooxidação e fenton acoplados, 2017. Disponível em: <https://gru.inpi.gov.br/pePI/servlet/PatenteServletController?Action=detail&CodPedido=1361207&SearchParameter=AGUARESIDUALBIODIESEL&Resumo=&Titulo=> https://gru.inpi.gov.br/pePI/servlet/Pat... )
CN106830504	Conventional	*Zhenhong et al. (2017*ZHENHONG, Y.; HIUWEN, L.; ZHIBING, L.; PENGMEI, L.; ZHONGMING, W.; WEN, L.; LINGMEI, Y.; CHANGLIN, M. Resource recovery method for assisted comprehensive treatment of biodiesel production waste water by using eichhornia crassipes, 2017.)
WO/2018/221759	Conventional	*Lee et al. (2018*LEE, Y. K.; LEE, Y. K.; SHIN, H. S.; SHIN, S. H.; TAK, K. T.; TAE, K.; LEE, C. S.; SEUNG, C.; KIM, H. J.; KIM, H. J. Apparatus and method for treating high concentration organic wastewater generated during biodiesel production process, 2018a.)
KR20180131669A	Conventional	*Lee et al. (2018*LEE, Y. K.; SHIN, H. S.; CHO, S. H.; TAK, K. T.; LEE, C. S.; KIM, H. J. Treatment apparatus and treatment method for high-concentration organic wastewater generated in biodiesel production process., 2018b.)
CN109052832A	Combined¹ 1 Application of two or more methods (conventional and advanced method).	*Leping et al. (2018*LEPING, Z.; SHU, L.; MING, Y.; SHENGJUN, Y. The processing method of the waste water generated during Preparation of biodiesel from waste oils, 2018.)
CN208008650U	Conventional	*Zhao et al. (2018*ZHAO, L.; KAI, Q.; LIPING, D.; HENG, L.; NANNAN, C.; ZHIJING, W.; ZHE, X. Treatment facility of biodiesel waste water, 2018.)

Associação Brasileira de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental - ABES Av. Beira Mar, 216 - 13º Andar - Castelo, 20021-060 Rio de Janeiro - RJ - Brasil - Rio de Janeiro - RJ - Brazil
E-mail: esa@abes-dn.org.br

Acompanhe os números deste periódico no seu leitor de RSS

[1] * Corresponding author: camiladasilva.eq@gmail.com