Factors that influence the production of carboxylic acids from agroindustrial wastes

Silva, Amanda de Sousa e; Morais, Naassom Wagner Sales; Pereira, Erlon Lopes; Santos, André Bezerra dos

doi:10.1590/S1413-4152202020190174

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Engenharia Sanitaria e Ambiental

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Revisão da Literatura • Eng. Sanit. Ambient. 25 (5) • Sep-Oct 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-4152202020190174 copy

Factors that influence the production of carboxylic acids from agroindustrial wastes

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Carboxylic acids (CA) are basic chemical components produced mainly through the petrochemical platform. However, due to environmental impacts, risk of scarcity and high petroleum prices, organic production of CA from the anaerobic digestion of low-cost renewable resources, such as organic wastes from agro-industrial activities, has been receiving increasing attention. In this context, the present paper aims to discuss the process of anaerobic digestion allied to the carboxylic chain elongation process, in order to guide decision making such as substrate choice, definition of environmental conditions, and operational parameters. In general, the conditions that present the best viability for MCCA production are: pH close to 6.0; mesophilic temperature since it offers greater operational stability and the yields obtained under thermophilic conditions are not much higher; hydrogen partial pressure (HPP) close to 10^-5 combined with CO₂ limitation; solids retention time (θc) < 5 days and low hydraulic retention time (HRT) for continuous systems. One of the most promising configurations is the use of two-stage systems using low pH as a methanogenesis inhibitor and inline CA extraction to avoid inhibition due to product toxicity.

Keywords:
anaerobic digestion; carboxylic plataform; agroindustrial wastes

Substrato / tipo de reator	Parâmetros operacionais			Produtividade (g L^-1 d^-1) / Rendimento (g g^-1 DQO)					Autores
Substrato / tipo de reator	pH/T (°C)	TDH (dias)	COV (g DQO L^-1 d^-1)	C2	C3	C4	C5	C6	Autores
Cerveja da indústria de etanol de milho / Semibatelada¹	5,5 / 30	120,0	-	0,95 / -	1,88 / -	1,13 / -	2,34 / -	2,10 / -	(*AGLER et al., 2012*AGLER, M.T.; SPIRITO, C.M.; USACK, J.G.; WENER, J.J.; ANGENENT, L.T. (2012) Chain elongation with reactor microbiomes: Upgrading dilute ethanol to medium-chain carboxylates. Energy and Environmental Science, v. 5, n. 8, p. 8189-8192. https://doi.org/10.1039/C2EE22101B https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1039/... )
Cerveja de levedura fermentada / Semibatelada¹	5,5 / 30	0,6	10,7	-	-	0,8 / 0,07	0,2 / 0,02	3,40 / 0,32	(*GE et al., 2015*GE, S.; USACK, J.G.; SPIRITO, C.M.; ANGENENT, L.T. (2015) Long-term n-caproic acid production from yeast-fermentation beer in an anaerobic bioreactor with continuous product extraction. Environmental Science & Technology, v. 49, n. 13, p. 8012-8021. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b00238 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1021/... )
Resíduo alimentar / Batelada	6,0 / 30	20,0	6,0	0,50 / 0,08	0,20 / 0,03	1,5 / 0,25	0,1 / 0,02	-	(*WANG et al., 2014*WANG, K.; YIN, J.; SHEN, D.; LI, N. (2014) Anaerobic digestion of food waste for volatile fatty acids (VFAs) production with different types of inoculum: Effect of pH. Bioresource Technology, v. 161, p. 395-401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.03.088 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/... )
Resíduo alimentar / Batelada	6,0 / 35	5,0	6,7²	1,46 / 0,05⁴	0,76 / 0,02⁴	1,33 / 0,04⁴	0,74 / 0,02⁴	-	(*JIANG et al., 2013*JIANG, J.; ZHANG, Y.; LI, K.; WANG, Q.; GONG, C.; LI, M. (2013) Volatile fatty acids production from food waste : Effects of pH, temperature, and organic loading rate. Bioresource Technology, v. 143, p. 525-530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.06.025 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/... )
Resíduo alimentar / Semibatelada	5,5 / 45	8,0	8,7³	1,21 / 0,27⁵	0,01 / 0,02⁵	0,43 / 0,10⁵	0,13 / 0,03⁵	0,59 / 0,13⁵	(*LIM et al., 2008*LIM, S.J.; KIM, B.J.; JEONG, C.-M.; CHOI, J.-D.-R.; AHN, Y.H.; CHANG, H.N. (2008) Anaerobic organic acid production of food waste in once-a-day feeding and drawing-off bioreactor. Bioresource Technology, v. 99, n. 16, p. 7866-7874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.06.028 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/... )
Águas residuárias sintéticas / Contínuo (UASB)	8,5 / Amb	0,3	1,2	0,28 / 0,23	0,09 / 0,08	0,08 / 0,07	0,08 / 0,07	-	(*WANG et al., 2013*WANG, D.; WANG, G.; XU, X.; YANG, F. (2013) Multiple factors influencing anaerobic acidogenic pretreatment in an up-flow non-woven biofilm reactor. Chemical Engineering Journal, v. 221, p. 37-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2013.01.104 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/... )
Lactato / Contínuo (UASB)¹	5,0 / 34	1,9	17,7	1,28 / 0,07	-	0,29 / 0,02	-	3,10 / 0,18	( KUCEK; NGUYEN; ANGENENT, 2016KUCEK, L.A.; NGUYEN, M.; ANGENENT, L.T. (2016) Conversion of L-lactate into n-caproate by a continuously fed reactor microbiome. Water Research, v. 93, p. 163-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.02.018 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/... )
Água amarela (lactato) / Batelada	5,5-6,5 / 30	16,0	4,2	0,02 / -	-	0,12 / 0,03	0,04 / 0,01	1,08 / 0,26	(*ZHU et al., 2015*ZHU, X.; TAO, Y.; LIANG, C.; LI, X.; WEI, N.; ZHANG, W.; ZHOU, Y.; YANG, Y.; BO, T. (2015) The synthesis of n-caproate from lactate: A new efficient process for medium-chain carboxylates production. Scientific Reports, v. 5, 14360. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep14360 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/... )
Lodo de ETE municipal / Semibatelada	6,6-7,1 / 55	2,5	11,4	0,81 / 0,07	0,11 / 0,01	0,17 / 0,01	0,20 / 0,02	-	(HAO; WANG, 2015HAO, J.; WANG, H. (2015) Volatile fatty acids productions by mesophilic and thermophilic sludge fermentation: Biological responses to fermentation temperature. Bioresource Technology, v. 175, p. 367-373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.10.106 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/... )
Milho fibroso pré-tratado / Batelada (ASBRs)	5,5 / 30	15,0	1,9	0,34 / 0,18	-	0,43 / 0,22	-	0,33 / 0,17	(*AGLER et al., 2014*AGLER, M.T.; SPIRITO, C.M.; USACK, J.G.; WERNER, J.J.; ANGENENT, L.T. (2014) Development of a highly specific and productive process for n-caproic acid production: Applying lessons from methanogenic microbiomes. Water Science and Technology, v. 69, n. 1, p. 62-68. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.549 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2166/... )
Efluente de fermentador de gás de síntese + Etanol (11,4 g L^-1) + Acetato (2,3 g L^-1) / Contínuo (UASB)	5,5 / 30	0,6	45,0	-	-	20 / 0,44	-	1,7 / 0,04	(VASUDEVAN; RICHTER; ANGENENT, 2014VASUDEVAN, D.; RICHTER, H.; ANGENENT, L.T. (2014) Upgrading dilute ethanol from syngas fermentation to n-caproate with reactor microbiomes. Bioresource Technology, v. 151, p. 378-382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.09.105 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/... )
Lodo primário e resíduos de lodo ativado de uma ETE / Batelada	11,0 / 35	15,0	0,2	0,07 / 0,35	0,02 / 0,10	0,02 / 0,10	-	0,01 / 0,05	(*JANKOWSKA et al., 2015*JANKOWSKA, E.; CHWIALKOWSKA, J.; STODOLNY, M.; OLESKOWICZ-POPIEL, P. (2015) Effect of pH and retention time on volatile fatty acids production during mixed culture fermentation. Bioresource Technology, v. 190, p. 274-280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.04.096 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/... )
Glicerol (5 g L^-1) + Etanol (4,6 g L^-1) + I.M. Clorofórmio / Batelada	6,5 / -	14,0	1,1	-	0,03 / 0,03	0,04 / 0,03	-	0,27 / 0,25	(*DAMS et al., 2018*DAMS, R.I.; VIANA, M.B.; GUILHERME, A.A.; SILVA, C.M.; SANTOS, A.B.; ANGENENT, L.T.; SANTAELLA, S.T.; LEITÃO, R.C. (2018) Production of medium-chain carboxylic acids by anaerobic fermentation of glycerol using a bioaugmented open culture. Biomass and Bioenergy, v. 118, p. 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2018.07.023 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/... )
Metanol (6,4 g L^-1) + Acetato (3 g L^-1) / Batelada / Contínuo (UASB)	5,9-6,1 / 35	17,0	12,4	-	-	0,25 / 0,34	-	-	(*CHEN et al., 2016*CHEN, W.S.; YE, Y.; STEINBUSCH, K.J.J; STRIK, D.P.B.T.B.; BUISMAN, C.J.N. (2016) Methanol as an alternative electron donor in chain elongation for butyrate and caproate formation. Biomass and Bioenergy, v. 93, p. 201-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2016.07.008 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/... )
	5,9 / 30	1,5	15,3	-	-	1,50 / 0,10	-	-
Acetato (6,0 g L^-1) + Etanol (18,4 g L^-1) / Contínuo (UASB)	5,6-8,6 / 30	0,7	62,3	-	-	1,5 / 0,02	-	15,7 / 0,25	(*GROOTSCHOLTEN et al., 2013a*GROOTSCHOLTEN, T.I.M.; STEINBUSCH, K.J.J.; HAMELERS, H.V.M.; BUISMAN, C.J.N. (2013a) Chain elongation of acetate and ethanol in an upflow anaerobic filter for high rate MCFA production. Bioresource Technology, v. 135, p. 440-445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.10.165 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/... )
Acetato (6,0 g L^-1) + Etanol (13,7 g L^-1) / Contínuo (UASB)	6,5-7,2 / 30	0,2	206,0	13,8 / 0,07	-	9,6 / 0,05	-	55,8 / 0,27	(*GROOTSCHOLTEN et al., 2013c*GROOTSCHOLTEN, T.I.M.; STEINBUSCH, K.J.J.; HAMELERS, H.V.M.; BUISMAN, C.J.N. (2013c) Improving medium chain fatty acid productivity using chain elongation by reducing the hydraulic retention time in an upflow anaerobic filter. Bioresource Technology, v. 136, p. 735-738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.02.114 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/... )

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