| Bonato et al.(3)
|
[Thyroid disorders associated with external radiation in children and adolescents] |
Literature review |
Radiation exposure in children resulting from radiation-based diagnostic exams caused hypothyroidism and thyroid cancer |
| Couto-Silva et al.(4)
|
[Endocrine sequelae after RT in childhood and adolescent cancer] |
Literature review |
High doses of radiation caused growth hormone deficiency, obesity, hypothyroidism, gonadal dysfunction and marked height deficit |
| Armstrong et al.(6)
|
Long-term effects of radiation exposure among adult survivors of childhood cancer: results from the childhood cancer survivor study |
Longitudinal retrospective review |
RT was associated with increased risk of late mortality, neoplasms, obesity, lung dysfunction, heart failure and hypothyroidism |
| Cheuk et al.(7)
|
Prognostic factors and long-term outcomes of childhood nasopharyngeal carcinoma |
Retrospective review |
Patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma who received RT >30 Gy for the primary tumor developed subsequent neoplasms and morbidities |
| Bhatti et al.(8)
|
Risk of second primary thyroid cancer after radiotherapy for a childhood cancer in a large cohort study: an update from the childhood cancer survivor study |
Longitudinal retrospective cohort |
The risk of a second primary thyroid cancer in survivors of childhood cancer increased with radiation doses up to 20 Gy, with with a 14-times-higher peak relative risk |
| Meacham et al.(11)
|
Diabetes mellitus in long-term survivors of childhood cancer. Increased risk associated with radiation therapy: a report for the childhood cancer survivor study |
Longitudinal retrospective cohort |
Three types of RT (TBI, abdominal and cranial) were compared in association with diabetes mellitus. Patients treated with TBI were seven times more likely to develop diabetes mellitus
|
| Wallace(12)
|
Oncofertility and preservation of reproductive capacity in children and young adults. |
Retrospective review |
Children exposed to total body irradiation (TBI), abdominal radiation or pelvic radiation showed impaired fertility in both genders |
| Grewal et al.(13)
|
Auditory late effects of childhood cancer therapy: a report from the children’s Oncology Group |
Systematic review |
High-dose cranial RT resulted in ototoxicity, impairing quality of life in children |
| Motosue et al.(15)
|
Pulmonary function after whole lung irradiation in pediatric patients with solid malignancies |
Longitudinal retrospective review |
Lung irradiation caused pulmonary complications, and patients treated with radiation impulses had increased morbidity and metastasis |
| Jones et al.(17)
|
Renal late effects in patients treated for cancer in childhood: a report from the Children’s Oncology Group |
Systematic review |
Subjects treated with radiation for childhood cancer were at risk for kidney failure. Doses >20 Gy resulted in kidney disease |
| Ritchey et al.(18)
|
Late effects on the urinary bladder in patients treated for cancer in childhood: a report from the Children’s Oncology Group |
Retrospective literature review |
High-dose radiation in the pelvic region increased the risk of bladder function abnormalities such as hemorrhagic cystitis, fibrosis and neurogenic bladder |
| Taylor et al.(19)
|
Population-based risks of CNS tumors in survivors of childhood cancer: the British Childhood Cancer Survivor Study |
Longitudinal retrospective cohort |
Increased risk of a second primary tumor in the central nervous system was demonstrated after exposure to radiation in meningeal tissues |
| Kleinerman(20)
|
Cancer risks following diagnostic and therapeutic radiation exposure in children |
Retrospective review |
Exposure to multiple imaging exams increased the risk of cancer in children due to the radiation inherent to the procedure |
| Pearce et al.(21)
|
Radiation exposure from CT scans in childhood and subsequent risk of leukaemia and brain tumours: a retrospective cohort study |
Observational retrospective cohort |
The use of CT scan in children accumulated radiation doses of 50 Gy, which could triple the risk of leukemia, and doses of 60 Gy which could triple the risk of brain cancer |
