Poor self-rated health: prevalence and associated factors on women deprived of liberty

Aquino, Lidiane Castro Duarte de; Souza, Bruna Gomes de; Laurindo, Cosme Rezende; Leite, Isabel Cristina Gonçalves; Cruz, Danielle Teles da

Lidiane Castro Duarte de Aquino

Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora. Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9836-8134

Bruna Gomes de Souza

Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Faculdade de Medicina. Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0901-4719

Cosme Rezende Laurindo

Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva. Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6878-3791

Isabel Cristina Gonçalves Leite

Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva. Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1258-7331

Danielle Teles da Cruz

Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva. Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6917-1375

Corresponding author: Danielle Teles da Cruz. Email: danitcruz@yahoo.com.br

AUTHOR’S CONTRIBUTIONS

Study design. Lidiane Castro Duarte de Aquino. Isabel Cristina Gonçalves Leite. Danielle Teles da Cruz.

Data collection. Lidiane Castro Duarte de Aquino. Danielle Teles da Cruz.

Data analysis. Lidiane Castro Duarte de Aquino. Bruna Gomes de Souza. Cosme Rezende Laurindo. Isabel Cristina Gonçalves Leite. Danielle Teles da Cruz.

Interpretation of results. Lidiane Castro Duarte de Aquino. Bruna Gomes de Souza. Cosme Rezende Laurindo. Isabel Cristina Gonçalves Leite. Danielle Teles da Cruz.

Article review and writing. Lidiane Castro Duarte de Aquino. Bruna Gomes de Souza. Cosme Rezende Laurindo. Isabel Cristina Gonçalves Leite. Danielle Teles da Cruz.

Approval of the final version of the article. Lidiane Castro Duarte de Aquino. Bruna Gomes de Souza. Cosme Rezende Laurindo. Isabel Cristina Gonçalves Leite. Danielle Teles da Cruz.

Responsibility for all aspects of the content and integrity of the published article. Lidiane Castro Duarte de Aquino. Bruna Gomes de Souza. Cosme Rezende Laurindo. Isabel Cristina Gonçalves Leite. Danielle Teles da Cruz.

ASSOCIATED EDITOR
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1522-9516
Cristina Rosa Baixinho

SCIENTIFIC EDITOR
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1522-9516
Ivone Evangelista Cabral

Variable	Poor self-rated health		Good self-rated health
Variable	N	%	n	%
Assistance and receiving visits
Social visit
Yes	16	51.6	44	64.7
No	15	48.4	24	35.3
Scheduled visit
Yes	7	22.6	18	26.5
No	24	77.4	50	73.5
Work activity
Yes	10	32.3	30	44.1
No	21	67.7	38	55.9
Study
Yes	3	9.7	9	13.2
No	28	90.3	59	86.8
Religious assistance
Yes	22	71.0	53	77.9
No	9	29.0	15	22.1
Legal assistance
Yes	23	74.2	55	80.9
No	8	25.8	13	19.1
Discriminatory treatment by other inmates
Due to inmate status
Yes	12	38.7	19	27.9
No	19	61.3	49	72.1
Due to skin color
Yes	2	6.5	3	4.4
No	29	93.5	65	95.6
Due to social status
Yes	12	38.7	14	20.6
No	19	61.3	54	79.4
Due to sexual orientation
Yes	7	22.6	9	13.2
No	24	77.4	59	86.8
Due to type of crime committed
Yes	7	22.6	11	16.2
No	24	77.4	57	83.8
Due to physical appearance
Yes	12	38.7	12	17.6
No	19	61.3	56	82.4
Exposure to risks and victim of violence
Risk of physical aggression
Yes	18	58.1	31	45.6
No	13	41.9	37	54.4
Risk of sexual violence
Yes	0	0.0	1	1.5
No	31	100.0	67	98.5
Risk of psychological violence
Yes	20	64.5	43	63.2
No	11	35.5	25	36.8
Risk of wound for cutting weapon
Yes	8	25.8	17	25.0
No	23	74.2	51	75.0
Risk of wound due to firearm
Yes	7	22.6	13	19.1
No	24	77.4	55	80.9
Risk of burns
Yes	9	29.0	13	19.1
No	22	71.0	55	80.9
Risk of explosion
Yes	16	51.6	17	25.0
No	15	48.4	51	75.0
Victim of physical aggression
Yes	8	25.8	8	11.8
No	23	74.2	60	88.2
Victim of verbal aggression
Yes	17	54.8	29	42.6
No	14	45.2	39	57.4
Victim of sexual harassment or assault
Yes	0	0.0	1	1.5
No	31	100.0	67	98.5
Victim of falls
Yes	10	32.3	5	7.4
No	21	67.7	63	92.6
Attempt of suicide
Yes	2	6.5	5	7.4
No	29	93.5	63	92.6
Attempt of homicide
Yes	1	3.2	0	0.0
No	30	96.8	68	100.0
Expectations after imprisonment
Personal life
Good	22	71.0	49	72.1
Fair/poor	9	29.0	19	27.9
Family life
Good	25	80.6	58	85.3
Fair/poor	6	19.4	10	14.7
Professional life
Good	17	54.8	44	64.7
Fair/poor	14	45.2	24	35.3
Standard of living
Good	11	35.5	37	54.4
Fair/poor	20	64.5	31	45.6
Working conditions
Good	17	54.8	41	60.3
Fair/poor	14	45.2	27	39.7
Condition of health
Good	16	51.6	59	86.8
Fair/poor	15	48.4	9	13.2

Variable	Poor self-rated health		Good self-rated health
Variable	n	%	n	%
Referred morbidity
Yes	24	77.4	28	41.2
No	7	22.6	40	58.8
Continuous medication use
1 to 3 medications	12	38.7	28	41.2
4 or more medications	12	38.7	18	26.5
None	7	22.6	22	32.4
Abortion
Spontaneous	3	9.7	13	19.1
Triggered	6	19.4	6	8.8
None	22	71.0	49	72.1
Smoking
Yes	25	80.6	47	69.1
No	6	19.4	21	30.9
Physical activity
Yes	7	22.6	13	19.1
No	24	77.4	55	80.8
Symptoms of anxiety
Present	30	96.8	45	66.2
Absent	1	3.2	23	33.8
Symptoms of depression
Present	27	87.1	38	55.9
Absent	4	12.9	30	44.1
Health care
Yes	29	93.5	61	89.7
No	2	6.5	7	10.3

Variable	%	Unadjusted PR (95%CI)	p	Adjusted PR (95%CI)	P
2.3 - Variables related to incarceration: discrimination, violence or fall
Inferior treatment by other inmates due to physical appearance			0.044		0.324
No	25.3	1		1
Yes	50.0	2.95 (1.14 – 7.66)		1.75 (0.58 – 5.34)
Risk of explosion			0.018		0.282
No	22.7	1		1
Yes	48.5	3.20 (1.31 – 7.82)		1.79 (0.62 – 5.09)
Fall victim			0.004		0.021
No	25.0	1		1
Yes	66.7	6.00 (1.84 – 19.56)		4.78 (1.27 – 18.03)
2.4 - Variables related to incarceration: post-incarceration expectation
Health condition			< 0.001		0.003
Good	21.3	1		1
Fair/Poor	62.5	6.15 (2.27 – 16.61)		5.29 (1.78 – 15.66)
3.1 - Variables related to the health of women deprived of liberty: referred to
Reported morbidity			0.002		0.001
No	14.9	1		1
Yes	46.2	4.90 (1.86 – 12.93)		6.22 (2.18 – 17.75)
3.2 - Variables related to the health of women deprived of liberty: self-perceived
Symptoms of anxiety			0.002		0.032
Absent	4.2	1		1
Present	40.0	15.33 (1.97 – 119.67)		11.05 (1.23 – 99.26)
Symptoms of depression			0.005		0.101
Absent	11.8	1		1
Present	41.5	5.33 (1.68 – 16.90)		3.04 (0.80 – 11.51)

Variable	%	Unadjusted PR (95%CI)	P	Adjusted PR (95%CI)	P
2.3 - Variables related to incarceration: discrimination and violence
Fall victim			0.004		0.051
No	25.0	1		1
Yes	66.7	6.00 (1.84 – 19.56)		4.22 (1.00 – 17.92)
2.4 - Variables related to incarceration: post-incarceration expectation
Health condition			< 0.001		0.008
Good	21.3	1		1
Fair/Poor	62.5	6.15 (2.27 – 16.61)		4.82 (1.50 – 15.47)
3.1 - Variables related to the health of women deprived of liberty: referred to
Reported morbidity			0.002		0.014
No	14.9	1		1
Yes	46.2	4.90 (1.86 – 12.93)		4.11 (1.33 – 12.65)
3.2 - Variables related to the health of women deprived of liberty: self-perceived
Symptoms of anxiety			0.002		0.013
Absent	4.2	1		1
Present	40.0	15.33 (1.97 – 119.67)		15.20 (1.79 – 128.92)

[1] Corresponding author: Danielle Teles da Cruz. Email: danitcruz@yahoo.com.br

Brasil

Brasil

Abstract

Objective

Method

Results

Conclusion and implications for practice