ESTIMATES OF MONTHLY AND ANNUAL EVAPORATION RATES AND EVAPORATED VOLUMES PER UNIT TIME IN THE TUCURUÍ-PA AND LAJEADO-TO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT RESERVOIRS BASED ON DIFFERENT METHODS

Coelho, Clívia D.; Silva, Demetrius D. da; Sediyama, Gilberto C.; Moreira, Michel C.; Pereira, Silvio B.; Lana, Ângela M. Q.

doi:10.1590/1809-4430-Eng.Agric.v38n1p38-46/2018

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Scientific Paper, Soil and Water Engineering • Eng. agríc. (Online) 38 (1) • Jan-Feb 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-4430-Eng.Agric.v38n1p38-46/2018 copy

ESTIMATES OF MONTHLY AND ANNUAL EVAPORATION RATES AND EVAPORATED VOLUMES PER UNIT TIME IN THE TUCURUÍ-PA AND LAJEADO-TO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT RESERVOIRS BASED ON DIFFERENT METHODS

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Evaporation rates in reservoirs influence the volume of water available for multiple uses. Thus, the objective of this study was to estimate the evaporation rates and the evaporated volumes per unit time in the Tucuruí-PA and Lajeado-TO reservoirs based on the methods in Linacre (1993)Linacre ET (1993) Data-sparse estimation of lake evaporation using a simplified Penman equation. Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 64:237-256., Kohler et al. (1955)Kohler MA, Nordensen TJ, Fox WE (1955) Evaporation from pans and lakes. U.S. Weather Bureau Research 38:1-21., Morton (1983)Morton FI (1983) Operational estimates of areal evaporation and their significance to the science and pratice of hydrology. Journal of Hydrology 66:1-76., Bruin & Keijman (1979)Bruin HAR de, Keijman JQ (1979) The Priestley-Taylor evaporation model applied to a large, shallow lake in the Netherlands. Journal of Applied Meteorology 18(7):898-903. and Penman (1948)Penman HL (1948) Natural evaporation from open water, bare soil and grass. Proceedings of the Royal Society 193:120-145. method was adopted as the standard. The mean annual evaporation rates in the Tucuruí and Lajeado reservoirs, estimated by the Penman method, were similar, with values of 1,784 mm and 1,882 mm, respectively. None of the alternative analyzed methods could be used to estimate the mean annual evaporation in the Tucuruí and Lajeado reservoirs and could not replace the Penman method. However, the Linacre (1993)Linacre ET (1993) Data-sparse estimation of lake evaporation using a simplified Penman equation. Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 64:237-256. and Bruin & Keijman (1979)Bruin HAR de, Keijman JQ (1979) The Priestley-Taylor evaporation model applied to a large, shallow lake in the Netherlands. Journal of Applied Meteorology 18(7):898-903. methods could be used to estimate monthly evaporation during the dry season in Tucuruí. The mean evaporated volume per unit time and the mean net evaporated volume per unit time in the Tucuruí reservoir correspond to 120% and 50%, respectively, of the total water demand in the Tocantins-Araguaia region, while the mean evaporated volume per unit time and the mean net evaporated volume per unit time in the Lajeado reservoir correspond to 120% and 50%, respectively, of the total water demand in the basin.

KEYWORDS
lake evaporation; multiple water uses; water resources

Method	Mean annual evaporation (mm/year)
Penman	1.784
Linacre	1.449^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differ from the standard method (Penman) at the 5% level of probability by Dunnett's test.
Kohler	1.285^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differ from the standard method (Penman) at the 5% level of probability by Dunnett's test.
Morton	1.267^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differ from the standard method (Penman) at the 5% level of probability by Dunnett's test.
Bruin-Keijman	2.001^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differ from the standard method (Penman) at the 5% level of probability by Dunnett's test.

Source of variation	d.f.⁽¹⁾ (1) Degrees of freedom,	MS ⁽²⁾ (2) mean square, and
Method	4	2.091.889**
Residual	95	18.427
CV (%) ⁽³⁾ (3) coefficient of variation.			8,72

Source of variation	d.f ⁽¹⁾ (1) Degrees of freedom,	MS ⁽²⁾ (2) mean square, and >
Block	19	3.695,58^ F is significant at the 1% level of probability.
Method	4	174.322,28^ F is significant at the 1% level of probability.
Month	11	22.161,75^ F is significant at the 1% level of probability.
Method X Month	44	2.048,59^ F is significant at the 1% level of probability.
Residual	1121	203,97
CV (%) ⁽³⁾ (3) coefficient of variation.			12,80

Month	Penman	Linacre	Kohler	Morton	Bruin-Keijman
Jan	143,33 d	101,15 ef^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.	103,55 bcde^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.	97,55 ef^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.	163,76 cde^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.
Feb	127,10 e	88,84 fg^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.	90,91 e^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.	93,26 fg^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.	146,13 f^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.
Mar	139,97 de	93,06 fg^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.	100,89 de^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.	80,09 g^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.	162,10 de^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.
Apr	135,43 de	83,16 g^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.	97,18 de^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.	99,25 def^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.	157,09 ef^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.
May	145,54 d	98,55 ef^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.	104,78 bcde^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.	103,40 cdef^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.	166,97 bcde^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.
June	148,59 bcd	109,55 de^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.	107,13 bcd^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.	112,97 bcd^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.	166,26 bcde^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.
July	161,28 abc	129,47 bc^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.	115,98 abc^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.	116,40 abc^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.	178,41 abc^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.
Aug	168,70 a	161,31 a	123,15 a^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.	125,96 ab^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.	188,78 a^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.
Sept	164,67 a	168,96 a	118,02 ab^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.	128,58 a^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.	178,93 ab
Oct	162,44 ab	158,56 a	116,41 ab^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.	111,94 bcde^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.	176,48 abcd
Nov	147,28 cd	140,08 b	105,39 bcde^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.	104,59 cdef^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.	158,90 ef
Dec	140,07 dc	116,46 c^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.	101,28 cde^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.	93,13 fg^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.	156,86 ef^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.

Method	Mean annual evaporation (mm/year)
Penman	1.882
Linacre	1.685*
Kohler	1.389*
Morton	1.671*
Bruin-Keijman	1.976*

Source of variation	d.f. ⁽¹⁾ (1) Degrees of freedom,	MS ⁽²⁾ (2) mean square, and
Method	4	665.343**
Residual	60	7.664
CV (%) ⁽³⁾ (3) coefficient of variation.			5,09

Source of variation	d.f. ⁽¹⁾ (1) Degrees of freedom,	MS ⁽²⁾ (2) mean square, and
Blocks	12	1.453,22^ F is significant at the 1% level of probability.
Method	4	55.444,14^ F is significant at the 1% level of probability.
Month	11	24.619,10^ F is significant at the 1% level of probability.
Method X Month	44	2.665,64^ F is significant at the 1% level of probability.
Residual	708	172,68
CV (%) ⁽³⁾ (3) coefficient of variation.			9,16

Month	Penman	Linacre	Kohler	Morton	Bruin-Keijman
Jan	144,79 ef	107,73 ef^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.	106,46 def^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.	125,59 de^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.	166,24 b^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.
Feb	127,00 f	99,88 f^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.	93,49 f^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.	125,49 de	147,00 c^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.
Mar	140,10 ef	105,82 ef^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.	103,14 ef^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.	120,38 e^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.	161,95 bc^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.
Apr	140,39 ef	108,58 ef^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.	103,70 ef^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.	135,38 de	158,79 bc^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.
May	144,30 ef	127,62 d^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.	107,75 def^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.	132,50 de	156,52 bc
June	149,76 de	155,26 c	111,73 cdef^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.	133,05 de^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.	146,58 c
July	167,38 cd	184,38 b^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.	124,15 bcd^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.	138,93 cd^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.	153,95 bc^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.
Aug	193,63 ab	219,11 a^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.	141,79 a^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.	158,34 ab^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.	171,29 ab^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.
Sept	197,70 a	193,67 b	144,81 ab^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.	170,44 a^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.	186,14 a
Oct	175,72 bc	146,36 c^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.	129,69 abc^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.	156,51 abc^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.	186,13 a
Nov	152,59 de	119,38 de^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.	112,60 cde^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.	142,31 bcd	171,39 ab^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.
Dec	149,08 de	117,61 def^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.	109,95 def^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.	131,95 de^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.	169,64 ab^* * Means with an asterisk in the line differs from the standard method (Penman) at 5% of probability by Dunnett's test.

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[1] *Corresponding author. Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola/ Viçosa, MG, Brasil. E-mail: clivia.coelho@gmail.com