ANALYSIS AND EXPERIMENTATION OF THE CRUSHING AND SEPARATION PROCESS OF THE ROOT-SAND COMPLEX OF HARVESTED AND EXCAVATED <i>Cyperus esculentus</i> L. IN DESERTS

Pei, Minghao; An, Shiguan; Chen, Shen; Qi, Jiangtao; Li, Yaping

doi:10.1590/1809-4430-Eng.Agric.v43n3e20220121/2023

Minghao Pei

College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China.

Engineering Research Center for Production Mechanization of Oasis Special Economic Crop, Ministry of Education, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China.

Shiguan An

College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China.

Engineering Research Center for Production Mechanization of Oasis Special Economic Crop, Ministry of Education, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China.

Shen Chen

College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China.

Engineering Research Center for Production Mechanization of Oasis Special Economic Crop, Ministry of Education, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China.

Jiangtao Qi ^** Corresponding author. E-mail: 510014078@qq.com | ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1622-4186 (Jiangtao Qi); E-mail: 1015883488@qq.com | ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9766-3908 (Yaping Li).

College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China.

Engineering Research Center for Production Mechanization of Oasis Special Economic Crop, Ministry of Education, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1622-4186

Yaping Li ^** Corresponding author. E-mail: 510014078@qq.com | ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1622-4186 (Jiangtao Qi); E-mail: 1015883488@qq.com | ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9766-3908 (Yaping Li).

College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China.

Engineering Research Center for Production Mechanization of Oasis Special Economic Crop, Ministry of Education, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9766-3908

* Corresponding author. E-mail: 510014078@qq.com | ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1622-4186 (Jiangtao Qi); E-mail: 1015883488@qq.com | ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9766-3908 (Yaping Li).

Area Editor: Renildo Luiz Mion

Name	Parameter
Cyperus esculentus plant quantity of 1 m² (g)	1582
Cyperus esculentus yield of 1 m² (g)	664
Cyperus esculentus grass and root quantity of 1 m² (g)	918
Yield (kg·km^-2)	996.51
Cyperus esculentus grass to grain ratio	1.38
Cyperus esculentus moisture content of grain/%	25~40
Hundred grain mass (g)	104.33
The root depth (cm)	10.88
Cyperus esculentus growth depth (cm)	6.73
Plant stubble height (cm)	8.44
Cyperus esculentus grain size (mm)	8~12

Code	Number of rotary blades	Rotary blade speed (r/min)	Digging depth (cm)
-1	18	335	10
0	20	370	12
1	22	405	14

Code	Number of rotary blades A	Rotary blade speed B	Digging depth C	Breakage rate P_d /%	Root-grass crushing rate F_s /%	Soil carrying rate T /%
1	-1	-1	0	3.73	28.51	73.62
2	1	-1	0	4.97	55.00	163.7
3	-1	1	0	4.47	45.51	74.08
4	1	1	0	5.50	54.43	79.67
5	-1	0	-1	5.68	38.83	65.16
6	1	0	-1	7.57	58.33	94.44
7	-1	0	1	4.86	44.39	73.90
8	1	0	1	5.46	51.40	123.87
9	0	-1	-1	4.71	38.13	116.67
10	0	1	-1	8.46	25.87	71.92
11	0	-1	1	4.29	34.11	119.98
12	0	1	1	3.48	52.45	124.27
13	0	0	0	2.45	58.72	70.35
14	0	0	0	3.22	63.60	44.49
15	0	0	0	1.84	73.97	52.74
16	0	0	0	3.34	70.40	66.19
17	0	0	0	2.51	60.88	63.81

Source	Sum of squares	d f	Mean square	F value	P value	Significance
Model	46.08/45.66	9/7	5.12/6.52	13.62/19.19	0.0012/<0.0001	significant
A	2.83	1	2.83	7.53/8.33	0.0287/0.0180	*
B	2.22	1	2.22	5.89/6.52	0.0456/0.0310	*
C	8.67	1	8.67	23.07/25.52	0.0020/0.0007	**
AB	0.011	1	0.011	0.029	0.8689
AC	0.42	1	0.42	1.11	0.3278
BC	5.20	1	5.20	13.83/15.30	0.0075/0.0036	**
A²	7.41	1	7.41	19.71/21.80	0.0030/0.0012	**
B²	1.88	1	1.88	5.01/5.55	0.0602/0.0430	*
C²	15.10	1	15.10	40.18/44.44	0.0004/<0.0001	**

Residual	2.63/3.06	7/9	0.38/0.34
Lack of fit	1.12/1.54	3/5	0.37/0.31	0.98/0.82	0.4846/0.5946	not significant
Pure Error	1.51	4	0.38
Cor Total	48.72	16
R²	0.9460/0.9372

Source	Sum of squares	d f	Mean square	F value	P value	Significance
Model	2843.19/2640.72	9/6	315.91/440.12	8.46/9.49	0.0051/0.0012	significant
A	479.26	1	479.26	12.83/10.33	0.0090/0.0093	**
B	63.34	1	63.34	1.70/1.37	0.2341/0.2698
C	56.13	1	56.13	1.50/1.21	0.2600/0.6972
AB	77.18	1	77.18	2.07	0.1928
AC	39.00	1	39.00	1.04	0.3409
BC	234.09	1	234.09	6.27/5.04	0.0408/0.0485	*
A²	86.29	1	86.29	2.31	0.1724
B²	963.16/996.51	1	963.16/996.51	25.78/21.48	0.0014/0.0009	**
C²	684.42/712.21	1	684.42/712.21	18.32/15.35	0.0037/0.0029	**

Residual	261.54/464.01	7/10	37.36/46.40
Lack of fit	94.87/297.34	3/6	31.62/49.56	0.76/1.19	0.5727/0.4533	not significant
Pure Error	166.67	4	41.67
Cor Total	3104.73	16
R²	0.9158/0.8505

Source	Sum of squares	d f	Mean square	F value	P value	Significance
Model	15402.97/15295.95	9/8	1711.44/1911.99	15.84/17.72	0.0007/0.0003	significant
A	3824.63	1	3824.63	35.40/35.44	0.0006/0.0003	**
B	1922.93	1	1922.93	17.80/17.82	0.0039/0.0029	**
C	1100.51	1	1100.51	10.19/10.20	0.0152/0.0127	*
AB	1784.64	1	1784.64	16.52/16.54	0.0048/0.0036	**
AC	107.02	1	107.02	0.99	0.3528
BC	601.23	1	601.23	5.56/5.57	0.0504/0.0459	*
A²	395.52	1	395.52	3.66/3.67	0.0973/0.0919
B²	3434.29	1	3434.29	31.79/31.82	0.0008/0.005	**
C²	1706.94	1	1706.94	15.80/15.82	0.0054/0.0041	**

Residual	756.30/863.32	7/8	108.04/107.91
Lack of fit	304.25/411.27	3/4	101.41/102.82	0.90/0.91	0.5161/0.5354	not significant
Pure Error	452.05	4	113.01/113.01
Cor Total	16159.27	16
R²	0.9532/0.9466

Serial No.	Breakage rate	Root-grass crushing rate	Soil carrying rate
1	2.16	65.38	60.12
2	2.97	63.25	52.26
3	2.73	62.42	53.82

Average value	2.62	63.68	55.40

\{\begin{array}{l} \frac{F_{T} - F t_{f}}{M_{t}} > τ_{s} = \tan φ_{s} + c_{s} \\ \frac{F_{T} - F t_{f}}{M_{t}} > τ_{g s t} = σ \tan φ_{g s t} + c_{g s t} \end{array}

\begin{aligned} \sum F (X) = m g \sin (θ_{p} + ε) + F_{o} \sin ε + a M_{Y} + F_{k} \\ \sum F (X) = m g \sin (θ_{p} + ε) + m ω^{2} R_{p} \sin ε + a M_{Y} + 2 m ω v_{h} \end{aligned}

\{\begin{array}{l} w_{c c} = \frac{G}{Z_{c}} + \frac{C_{n} M_{s} + F_{1}}{Z_{c} (\sin γ + μ \cos γ)} + \frac{C_{1} M_{c}}{Z_{c} (\sin δ + μ_{1} \cos δ)} \\ w_{c t} = (C_{n} M_{s} + μ F_{N 1}) \sin γ + (C_{1} M_{c} + μ_{1} F_{N o}) \sin δ + F_{1} \cos δ + G \end{array}

\{\begin{array}{l} w_{s c} = \int_{0}^{δ - \arccos (\frac{R_{s} \cos δ - d}{R_{s}})} [\frac{F_{s n} + Z_{s} (6 π η v_{m} r_{0})}{\sin (δ + θ)} + \frac{μ_{1} F_{s n}}{\cos (δ + θ)}] d θ \\ w_{s t} = \int_{0}^{δ - \arccos (\frac{R_{s} \cos δ - d}{R_{s}})} [\frac{F_{s n} + Z_{s} (6 π η v_{m} r_{0})}{\cos (δ + θ)} + \frac{μ_{1} F_{s n}}{\sin (δ + θ)}] d θ \end{array}

\{\begin{aligned} min P_{1} \\ max P_{2} \\ min P_{3} \\ 18 \leq A \leq 22 \\ 335 \leq B \leq 405 \\ 10 \leq C \leq 14 \end{aligned}

[1] * Corresponding author. E-mail: 510014078@qq.com | ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1622-4186 (Jiangtao Qi); E-mail: 1015883488@qq.com | ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9766-3908 (Yaping Li).

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ANALYSIS AND EXPERIMENTATION OF THE CRUSHING AND SEPARATION PROCESS OF THE ROOT-SAND COMPLEX OF HARVESTED AND EXCAVATED Cyperus esculentus L. IN DESERTS

ABSTRACT