Birte-Antina et al. (2018)2222. Birte-Antina W, Ilona C, Antje H, Thomas H. Olfactory training with older people. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2018;33(1):212-20. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.4725
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/...
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To investigate whether “olfactory training” (OT) had positive effects on subjective well-being and cognitive function. |
n=91 |
Cognitive (training) |
Analyses showed significant improvement in olfactory function for the OT group participants and improved verbal function and subjective well-being. Also, results indicated a decrease in depressive symptoms. |
Cognitively healthy |
Quality of life (QoL), mood, psychological well-being. |
Vaportzis et al. (2017)2323. Vaportzis E, Martin M, Grow AJ. A tablet for healthy ageing: the effect of a tablet computer training intervention on cognitive abilities in older adults. Am J of Geriatr Psychiatry. 2017;25(8):841-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2016.11.015
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
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To test the efficacy of a tablet computer training intervention to improve cognitive abilities of older adults. |
n=48 |
Cognitive (stimulation) |
A 2×2 mixed-model ANOVA suggested the tablet intervention group (n=22) had more significant improvements in Processing Speed (η2=0.10) compared with controls (n=21), but no difference in Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Processing, or Working Memory (WM) (η2 range=0.03–0.04). |
Cognitively healthy |
QoL |
Seinfeld et al. (2013)1111. Seinfeld S, Figueroa H, Ortiz-Gil J, Sanchez-Vives MV. Effects of music learning and piano practice on cognitive function, mood and quality of life in older adults. Front Psychol. 2013;4:1-13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00810
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/...
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To study the specific effects of musical training vs. effects of other leisure activities in older adults. The impact of piano training on cognitive functioning, mood, and QoL was evaluated in older adults. |
n=29 |
Cognitive (WM training) |
The piano training group (TG) on the Stroop test measured executive function, inhibitory control, and divided attention in the piano TG. A tendency indicating enhancement of visual scanning and motor ability was also found (Trail-Making Test part A). Piano lessons decreased depression, induced positive mood states, and improved the psychological and physical QoL of the elderly. Results suggested that playing piano and learning to read music can help older adults promote cognitive reserve (CR) and improve subjective well-being. |
Cognitively healthy |
Mood, QoL |
Tse et al. (2012)2727. Tse MMY, Sin Vong SK, Ho SSK. The effectiveness of an integrated pain management program for older persons and staff in nursing homes. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2012;54(2):e203-e212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2011.04.015
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
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To examine the effects of an 8-week integrated pain management program (IPMP) on enhancing the knowledge and attitude toward pain management among staff; and improving pain, QoL, physical and psychosocial functions, and use of non-drug therapies for the elderly in nursing homes. |
n=535 |
Cognitive (stimulation) |
The staff showed significant improvement in knowledge and attitude to pain management, with the survey score increasing from 8.46±3.74 to 19.43±4.07 (p<0.001). Among residents, 74% had experienced pain within the previous 6 months, with a pain intensity of 4.10±2.20. Those in the experimental group (EG) showed a more significant reduction in pain scores than the control group (CG), from 4.19±2.25 to 2.67±2.08 (p<0.001). Group differences were also found in psychological well-being, including happiness, loneliness, life satisfaction, and depression (p<0.05) and in the use of non-drug methods (p<0.05). |
Cognitively healthy |
Psychological well-being |
Gates et al. (2011)2424. Gates NJ, Valenzuela M, Sachdev PS, Singh NA, Baune BT, Brodaty H, et al. Study of Mental Activity and Regular Training (SMART) in at risk individuals: A randomised double blind, sham controlled, longitudinal trial. BMC Geriatr. 2011;11(1):1-15. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2318-11-19
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/...
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To report the rationale and methodology of the first trial to investigate isolated and combined effects of cognitive training (CT) and progressive resistance training (PRT) on general cognitive functioning and functional independence in older adults with early cognitive impairment in the Study of Mental and Regular Training (SMART). The secondary aim was to quantify differential adaptations to these interventions in terms of brain morphology and function, cardiovascular and metabolic function, exercise capacity, psychological state, and body composition, to identify the potential mechanisms of benefit and broader health status effects. |
n=132 |
Cognitive (computerized CT) |
Required sample size 10% larger than expected effect size (ES) (n=132) was originally estimated. The retention rate was >90%, confirming an appropriate recruitment target of 120/0.90=133. Thus, 80/133 were recruited, 60% of the planned cohort. Compliance with training sessions was high for all groups, with a median ranging from 78.44% for sham physical/CT to 100% for PRT/CT. One adverse event was reported (rotator cuff injury managed conservatively) in the PRT group, and no adverse events during assessments, CT, or sham interventions. |
Cognitively healthy |
No results |
Maria Netto et al. (2012)1414. Maria Netto T, Fonseca RP, Landeira-Fernandez J. Reabilitação da memória em idosos com queixas mnemônicas e sintomas depressivos: estudo piloto não controlado. Estud Psicol (Natal). 2012;17(1):161-9. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-294X2012000100020
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/...
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To investigate a memory rehabilitation program’s therapeutic effect with assessments pre- and post-intervention in a group of older adults with mnemonic complaints and depressive symptoms. |
n=7 |
Cognitive (stimulation) |
Cognitive performance pre- and post-intervention was compared using the Wilcoxon test. There was a reduction in memory complaints and depressive symptoms, increased attentional processing speed, and improved WM. The authors suggested replicating the study in larger samples and groups with objective memory impairments and clinically diagnosed depression vs. CGs. |
Cognitively healthy (with memory complaints) |
Mood |
Schultheisz et al. (2018)2929. Schultheisz TS, Aquino RR, Alves AB, Radl AL, Serafim AP. Effect of cognitive stimulation workshops on the self-esteem and cognition of the elderly A pilot project. Dement Neuropsychol. 2018;12(4):421-6. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-57642018dn12-040013
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/...
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To determine the effects of a cognitive stimulation program on self-esteem and cognition of older persons. |
n=38 |
Cognitive (stimulation) |
Results showed that training improved performance on the cognitive test by older adults with and without cognitive impairment. This improvement had a subsequent positive effect on self-esteem. |
Cognitively healthy (20 elderly people without cognitive complaints and 18 with cognitive complaints) |
QoL |
Chariglione et al. (2020)1515. Chariglione IP, Silva HS, Melo GF, Vilaça e Silva KH, Oliveira ML. Cognitive interventions and performance measures: a longitudinal study in elderly women. Estud Psicol (Campinas). 2020;37:1-13. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0275202037e190032
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/...
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To determine whether cognitive gains promoted by two cognitive intervention programs were associated with improvements in mood, QoL, physical fitness (maximum oxygen consumption, lean mass, fat percentage, and handgrip strength) in older adults. |
n=39 |
Cognitive (stimulation) |
Both groups showed a tendency for reduced depressive symptoms, increased fat mass, and decreased lean mass. |
Without and with cognitive decline |
Mood |
Ordonez et al. (2017)1616. Ordonez TN, Borges F, Kanashiro CS, Santos CC das N, Hora SS, Lima-Silva TB. Actively station: Effects on global cognition of mature adults and healthy elderly program using electronic games. Dement Neuropsychol. 2017;11(2):186-97. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-57642016dn11-020011
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/...
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To investigate the effects of an electronic game program (Actively Station) on global cognitive performance in adults >50 years. |
n=124 |
Cognitive (stimulation) |
TG’s cognitive performance improved significantly after the program, particularly in language and memory domains, and there was a decrease in anxiety index and frequency of memory complaints compared to CG. |
Cognitively healthy |
Mood |
Silva et al. (2011)2828. Silva TB, Oliveira AC, Paulo DL, Malagutti MP, Danzini VM, Yassuda MS. Cognitive training for elderly adults based on categorization strategies and calculations similar to everyday tasks. Rev Bras Geriatr Gerontol. 2011;14(1):65-74. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1809-98232011000100008
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/...
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To test the efficacy of a CT program based on ecological tasks that simulated shopping tasks, involving memorizing grocery items and performing simple mathematical calculations. |
n=12 |
Cognitive (training – categorization) |
The TG showed significant improvements, particularly on verbal fluency test – animals category and on immediate recall of words list (sum of three trials) of CERAD battery. No significant difference was found for the CG in pre- and post-test performance for variables assessed. Results suggested CT can increase performance in memorizing and calculation tasks among elderly adults. |
Cognitively healthy |
Psychological well-being |
Chariglione and Janczura (2013)3030. Chariglione IP, Janczura GA. Contributions of a cognitive training for the memory of institutionalized elderly. Psico-USF. 2013;18(1):13-22. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-82712013000100003
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/...
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To investigate the influence of different CT procedures in memory, neuropsychological measures, and mood of institutionalized elderly and examine the relationship between educational level and intervention results. The study also sought to provide health professionals with a tool for aiding the rehabilitation of institutionalized elderly. |
n=16 |
Cognitive (training) |
Results showed the ARFC was influenced by training type and that free recall of words improved after training only for literate individuals, regardless of training type. No positive effects were detected in picture recognition, whereas training sessions positively influenced GDS scores. |
Cognitively healthy |
Mood |
Lopes and Argimon (2016)3131. Lopes RM, Argimon II. Cognitive Training in the elderly and its effect on the executive functions. Act Colom Psicol. 2016;19(2):159-76. https://doi.org/10.14718/ACP.2016.19.2.8
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.14718...
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To characterize the elderly participants and measure the effects of CT, with emphasis on executive functions, vs. a CG. |
n=83 |
Cognitive (training) |
Results showed significant group differences for the number of errors on the Sternberg Paradigm and Completed Categories of the WCST and Symbol Search.Intragroup comparisons showed EG had substantial improvement in scores post-intervention on GDS, RAVLT, Rey Complex Figures – memory, Forward Digit Span, and Total Digit Span Vocabulary tasks. |
Cognitively healthy |
Mood |
Hagovská et al. (2017)2525. Hagovská M, Dzvoník O, Olekszyová Z. Comparison of two cognitive training programs with effects on functional activities and quality of life. Res Gerontol Nurs. 2017;10(4):172-80. https://doi.org/10.3928/19404921-20170524-01
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3928/...
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To compare the effectiveness of two types of CT in 60 older adults with MCI by assessing the impact on functional activities, QoL, and various cognitive functions. The primary outcomes were functional activity level and QoL. |
n=60 |
Cognitive (training) |
After training, group A had better QoL (p<0.001, ES=0.69) and attention (increased loading score, p<0.05, ES=-0.23; errors, p<0.001, ES=-0.47); however, there were no group differences in functional activity level. Group A demonstrated greater improvements in QoL and attention than group B (i.e., classical CT), but the transfer to functional activities was same for both groups. |
MCI |
QoL, psychological well-being. |
Gross et al. (2018)3232. Gross AL, Payne BR, Casanova R, Davoudzadeh P, Dzierzewski JM, Farias S, et al. The ACTIVE conceptual framework as a structural equation model. Exp Aging Res. 2018;44(1):1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/0361073X.2017.1398802
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/...
|
Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to model hypothesized and novel relationships between constructs using available measures in ACTIVE based on the ACTIVE conceptual framework (Jobe et al., 2001; Figure 1). Each construct was first separately factor-analyzed in a measurement model to optimize fit to the data. Measurement models were then combined for all constructs together in a single model to explore hypothesized and additional pathways. In an extension to the ACTIVE conceptual framework, effect modification by demographic and health variables was tested. It was hypothesized that the data would fit the framework well, but a priori hypotheses about effect modifiers were not specified. |
n=2802 |
Cognitive (training) |
Preconceived measurement models for memory, reasoning, processing speed, everyday problem-solving, instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) difficulty, everyday speed, driving difficulty, and health-related QoL each fit well to the data (RMSEA<0.05; CFI>0.95). Fit of full model was excellent (RMSEA=0.038; CFI=0.924). In contrast with previous ACTIVE findings regarding who benefits from training, interaction testing revealed associations between proximal abilities and primary outcomes were generally stronger among individuals of non-white race, with worse health, older age, and less education (p<0.005). |
Cognitively healthy |
QoL |
Buitenweg et al. (2019)2626. Buitenweg JI, Ven RM, Ridderinkhof KR, Murre JM. Does cognitive flexibility training enhance subjective mental functioning in healthy older adults? Neuropsychol Dev Cogn B Aging Neuropsychol Cogn. 2019;26(5):688-710. https://doi.org/10.1080/13825585.2018.1519106
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/...
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To assess whether 12 weeks of cognitive flexibility training leads to improvement in subjective cognitive failures and executive dysfunctioning, everyday functioning, depressive symptoms, anxiety, and QoL. |
n=158 |
Cognitive (training) |
Subjective cognitive failures and executive dysfunctioning improved four weeks post-training in all groups, although ESs were small (ηp2=0.058 and 0.079, respectively), and there were no differences between groups (all p’s>0.38). No significant changes in subjective reports were seen directly after training, which was the case in all groups.
Proxies reported no functional changes over time, yet their evaluations were significantly more favorable than those of the participants, both pre-training (p<0.0005) and post-training (p=0.004). |
Cognitively healthy |
QoL |
Lucertini et al. (2019)3333. Lucertini F, Ferri Marini C, Sisti D, Stocchi V, Federici A, Gregorio F, et al. Discontinuously supervised aerobic training vs. physical activity promotion in the self-management of type 2 diabetes in older Italian patients: design and methods of the ‘TRIPL-A’ randomized controlled trial. BMC Geriatr. 2019;19(1):11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-018-1022-x
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/...
|
The “TRIPL-A” study (i.e., a TRIal to promote Physical Activity among patients in the young-old affected by T2D) aimed to assess whether performing an innovative Exercise Referral Scheme (ERS), based on close collaboration among general practitioners, specialist physicians, exercise specialists and patients, supported by a web-based application (WBA), can effectively lead sedentary older T2D patients to adopt an active lifestyle. |
n=300 |
Educational |
Primary and secondary outcome results will evaluate the effectiveness of an ERS, specifically designed for the management of T2D clinical conditions and supported by a WBA, in promoting physical activity within Italian primary care settings. |
Cognitively healthy |
No results |
Gonzalez-Hernandez et al. (2018)3434. Gonzalez-Hernandez E, Romero R, Campos D, Burychka D, Diego-Pedro R, Baños R, et al. Cognitively-Based Compassion Training (CBCT®) in breast cancer survivors: a randomized clinical trial study. Integr Cancer Ther. 2018;17(3):684-96. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534735418772095
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/...
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To study the efficacy of the CBCT protocol in a breast cancer survivor sample on QoL, psychological well-being, fear of cancer recurrence (FCR), self-compassion, and compassion domains and mindfulness facets. Enrolment, adherence, and satisfaction with the intervention were also analyzed. |
n=56 |
Educational |
The Accrual of eligible participants was high (77%), and the drop-out rate was 16%. Attendance of CBCT sessions was high, and practice outside sessions exceeded expectations. CBCT effectively diminishes stress caused by FCR, fostering self-kindness and common humanity, and increasing overall self-compassion scores, mindful observation, and acting with awareness skillsets. |
Cognitively healthy |
QoL, mood, psychological well-being. |
Cantarella et al. (2017)1717. Cantarella A, Borella E, Marigo C, De Beni R. Benefits of well-being training in healthy older adults. Appl Psychol Health Well Being. 2017;9(3):1-24. https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12091
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/...
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To evaluate the effectiveness of a six-session Psychological Well-Being (PWB) intervention to improve PWB and identify transfer effects on an aspect related to PWB, QoL. Transfer effects on a high-level cognitive process, WM, were also investigated. |
n=32 |
Educational |
Only the trained group reported more significant gains in PWB and WM performance after training. |
Cognitively healthy |
Psychological well-being. |
Thomson and Chatterjee (2014)3636. Thomson LJ, Chatterjee HJ. Well-being with objects: evaluating a museum object-handling intervention for older adults in health care settings. J Appl Gerontol. 2014;35(3):349-62. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0733464814558267
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177%...
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To determine whether therapeutic benefits could be measured objectively using clinical scales. |
n=40 |
Educational (ludic) |
Positive affect and wellness increased significantly in acute and elderly and residential care though not psychiatric care, whereas negative affect decreased and happiness increased in all settings. Examination of audio recordings revealed enhanced confidence, social interaction, and learning. The program allowed adults access to a museum activity that would not otherwise have engaged with museum objects by age and ill-health. |
Cognitively healthy (part of the group had anxiety and depression, but the results were described separately). |
Mood, psychological well-being |
Sales et al. (2015)3535. Sales MP, Polman R, Hill KD, Karaharju-Huisman T, Levinger P. A novel dynamic exercise initiative for older people to improve health and well-being: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMC Geriatr. 2015;15(1):1-17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-015-0057-5
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/...
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To evaluate the effectiveness of an exercise intervention using an exercise park specifically designed for older people in reducing the risk of falls. |
n=120 |
Educational |
The BOOMER balance test was to be used as the primary outcome measure. Secondary outcome measures included handgrip strength, 2-minute walk test, lower limb strength test, spatiotemporal walking parameters, health-related QoL, feasibility, adherence, safety, and several other psychosocial measures. Outcome assessments were to be conducted at baseline and 18 and 26 weeks after intervention commencement. Participants would report falls and physical activity history for 12 months via monthly calendars. Mixed linear modeling incorporating intervention and CGs at baseline and two follow-ups (18 weeks and 26 weeks after intervention commencement) would be used to assess outcomes. |
Cognitively healthy |
No results |
Mavrovouniotis et al. (2010)1818. Mavrovouniotis FH, Argiriadou EA, Papaioannou CS. Greek traditional dances and quality of old people’s life. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2010;14(3):209-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2008.11.005
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
|
To examine the effect of Greek traditional dances on the improvement of older people’s QoL. |
n=111 |
Educational (ludic) |
Independent-group t tests showed that the CG, compared to the EG, at rest and on the second measurement, had significantly higher levels of state anxiety, psychological distress, fatigue, and significantly lower levels of positive well-being. After dancing, approximately 63% of the maximum heart rate was achieved in the EG. At the same time, paired t tests revealed significant decreases in state anxiety and psychological distress, as well as substantial increases in positive well-being and fatigue. |
Cognitively healthy |
Psychological well-being. |
Lima-Silva et al. (2010)1313. Lima-Silva TB, Ordonez TN, Santos GD, Fabrício AT, Aramaki FO, Almeida EB, et al. Effects of cognitive training based on metamemory and mental images. Dement Neuropsychol. 2010;4(2):114-9. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-57642010DN40200007
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/...
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To test the efficacy of a CT program based on the creation of mental images and changes in specific aspects of meta-memory in individuals with 3–15 years of education (M=8.38, SD=4.24). |
n=32 |
Cognitive (training) and Educational |
The TG showed significant improvement between pre- and post-tests on delayed recall of 10 pictures and self-efficacy to memorize stories. These same changes were not found in the CG. |
Cognitively healthy |
Mood |
Irigaray et al. (2011)1010. Irigaray TQ, Schneider RH, Gomes I. Effects of a cognitive training on the quality of life and well-being of healthy elders. Psicol Reflex Crit. 2011;24(4):810-8. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-79722011000400022
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/...
|
To investigate the effects of a CT program on the QoL and psychological well-being of healthy elderly. |
n=76 |
Cognitive (training) and Educational |
Results showed that healthy elderly could benefit from this type of intervention, reducing conditions that lead to pathological cognitive aging and promoting QoL and psychological well-being in old age. |
Cognitively healthy |
QoL, psychological well-being |
Irigaray et al. (2012)3838. Irigaray TQ, Gomes Filho I, Schneider RH. Effects of an attention, memory and executive functions training on the cognition of healthy elderly people. Psicol Reflex Crit. 2012;25(1):188-202. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-79722012000100023
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/...
|
To investigate the effects of an attention, memory, and executive functions training intervention on healthy older adults’ cognition. |
n=76 |
Cognitive (training) and Educational |
Post-test, the EG had better performance on attention, WM, language (inferences and spontaneous writing), constructional praxis, problem-solving, and executive function tasks. The training produced significant results after a 12-session intervention, indicating that healthy elderly individuals’ cognitive functioning can be improved. |
Cognitively healthy |
Mood |
Chandler et al. (2019)3939. Chandler MJ, Locke DE, Crook JE, Fields JA, Ball CT, Phatak VS, et al. Comparative effectiveness of behavioral interventions on quality of life for older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(5):e193016. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.3016
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1001/...
|
To compare the cumulative effects of combinations of five behavioral interventions on significant outcomes in patients with MCI. |
n=272 |
Cognitive (stimulation) and Educational |
272 participants (mean [SD] age, 75 [8] years; 160 [58.8%] males and 112 [41.2%] females) were enrolled, with 56 randomized to no yoga group, 54 to no computerized CT, 52 to no wellness, 53 to no support, and 57 to no memory support system. The most remarkable ES for QoL was between no computerized CT and no wellness education groups (ES 0.34, 95%CI 0.05–0.64). On secondary analyses, wellness education had a greater effect than computerized CT on mood (ES 0.53; 95%CI 0.21–0.86), and yoga had a more significant impact than support groups on memory-related activities of daily living (ES 0.43; 95%CI 0.13–0.72). |
Cognitively healthy and MCI |
Psychological well-being. |
Pérez et al. (2015)4040. Pérez A, Roqué M, Domènech S, Monteserín R, Soriano N, Blancafort X, et al. Efficacy of memory training in healthy community-dwelling older people: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. BMC Geriatr. 2015;15(113):1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-015-0110-4
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/...
|
To assess the effectiveness of memory training workshops for healthy older people in terms of short- and long-term impact on cognitive function, health-related QoL, and functioning. |
n=230 |
Cognitive (training) and Educational |
Study results will be useful for social and public health policies related to older people. Given the increase in the prevalence of older people, many interventions targeting memory loss are funded by public resources. To ensure transparency and effective prioritization, such research is needed to provide evidence of these interventions’ effectiveness and usefulness. |
Cognitively healthy |
No results |
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