Waldstein et al.,
19962626 Waldstein SR, Jennings JR, Ryan C., Muldoon MF, Shapiro AP, Polefrone JM. Hypertension and neuropsychological performance in men: Interactive effects of age. Health Psychol 1996;15(2):102-9.
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To investigate the interaction between age and hypertension on performance on neuropsychological tests. In this study, pharmacological treatment was discontinued two weeks before cognitive evaluation. |
N=173; the groups were divided into young (≤40 years) and middle-aged (≥40 years), hypertensive and normotensive, totaling 4 groups. |
Digit Span of the WAIS-II Scale, Phonemic Verbal Fluency, TMT part B and Stroop Test. |
The young hypertensive group showed a significantly lower performance than the normotensive on the Stroop test, demonstrating worse inhibitory control. There was no difference between the middle age groups. |
Kuo et al.,
20042727 Kuo HK, Sorond F, Iloputaife I, Gangon M, Milberg W, Lipsitz LA. Effect of blood pressure on cognitive functions in elderly persons. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2004;59:1191-4.
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To determine the relationship between BP and different cognitive domains, and to analyze the relationship between decreased orthostatic pressure and cognitive functions in a relatively healthy elderly group. |
N=70; ≥65 years old, elderly with stable chronic hypertension. |
TMT part B and Verbal Fluency (Phonemic and Semantic). |
Higher BP was associated with impairment in shifting performance as measured by TMT part B. Every 10 mmHg increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP) was associated with a 2.31 fold increase in the risk of impairment on this test. |
Vicario et al.,
20052828 Vicario A, Martinez CD, Baretto D, Diaz Casale A, Nicolosi L. Hypertension and cognitive decline: Impact on executive function. J Clin Hypertens. 2005;7(10):598-604.
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To identify the effect of SAH on cognition and to differentiate this effect from other deterioration processes expected in aging. |
N=90. There were 60 hypertensive and 30 normotensive aged ≥65 years. |
Verbal and visual versions of TMT part B and Stroop Test. |
The hypertensive subjects had more deficits on TMT part B, measure of shifting, with greater number of errors. The same group also exhibited deficits in IC performance, as measured by the Stroop Test. |
Hannesdottir et al.,
20092929 Hannesdottir K, Nitkunan A, Charlton RA, Barrick TR, MacGregor GA, Markus HS. Cognitive Impairment and White Matter Damage in Hypertension: A Pilot Study. Acta Neurol Scand. 2009;119(4):261-8.
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The hypertensive subjects had more deficits on TMT part B, measure of shifting, with greater number of errors. The same group also revealed deficits in IC performance, as measured by the Stroop Test. |
N=80; ≥59 years, 40 subjects treated, 10 untreated and 30 controls (normotensive). |
Digit Span of WAIS III Scale, TMT part B and Verbal Fluency (Phonemic and Semantic). |
Compared with the normotensive subjects, the untreated hypertensive group had worse performance on the Verbal Phonemic Fluency test, used for evaluating updating and IC. |
Bucur & Madden,
20103030 Buccur B, Madden DJ. Effects of Adult Age and Blood Pressure on Executive Function and Speed of Processing. Exp Aging Res, 2010; 36(2):153-68.
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To develop a more precise definition of the cognitive differences between hypertensive and normotensive. |
N=131, 71 normotensive and 58 hypertensive individuals, categorized into young (19-39 years), middle age (41-58 years) and elderly (60-79 years). |
Stroop Test, TMT part B and Phonemic Verbal Fluency. |
The group of older hypertensive patients had worse performance than normotensive patients of the same age group on all EF tests, indicating impairment of IC, updating and shifting. |
Giordano et al.,
20123131 Giordano N, Tikhonoff V, Palatini P, Bascelli A, Boschetti G, Lazzari F, et al. Cognitive Functions and Cognitive Reserve in Relation to Blood Pressure Components in a Population-Based Cohort Aged 53 to 94 Years. Int J Hypertens. 2012;2012:274851.
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To investigate the relationship of different components of BP with cognitive functioning and cognitive reserve in a sample and identify which domains are most affected. |
N=288, of which 234 were hypertensive and 54 normotensive aged ≥50 years. |
TMT part B and Phonemic Verbal Fluency. |
There was no difference between the hypertensive and normotensive groups in relation to the EF test performance. |
Matoso et al.,
20133232 Matoso JMD, Santos WB, Moreira IFH, Lourenço RA, Correia MLG. Idosos Hipertensos apresentam menor desempenho cognitive do que idosos normotensos. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2013;100(5):444-51.
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To compare the cognitive performance of hypertensive and normotensive elderly with at least 5 years of education. |
N=45, 17 normotensive and 28 hypertensive patients aged ≥60 years and <80 years. |
TMT part B. |
Hypertensive patients were significantly slower than normotensive patients. There was also a difference in the performance of the hypertensive group on TMT part B when compared to the normotensive group, indicating shifting impairment. |
Alipour and Goldust,
20153333 Alipour H, Goldust M. The association between blood pressure components and cognitive functions and cognitive reserve. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2016;38:95-9.
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To assess the relationship between BP measurements (SBP, DBP and PP) and cognitive functions and cognitive reserve. |
N=500, with 248 hypertensive and 252 normotensive patients, aged ≥62 years. |
TMT part B and Phonemic Verbal Fluency. |
There was no significant difference in EF measurements between the groups. |
Li et al.,
20153434 Li X, Liang Y, Chen Y, Zhang J, Wei D, Chen K, et al. Disrupted Frontoparietal Network Mediates White Matter Structure Dysfunction Associated with Cognitive Decline in Hypertension Patients. J Neurosci. 2015;8;35(27):10015-24.
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To evaluate the cognitive performance of hypertensive individuals in a large sample of ethnic Han people (China). |
N=1007, of which 405 were hypertensive and 602 normotensive, aged 57-70 years. |
TMT part B and Stroop test. |
The hypertensive subjects had worse performance on the tests that evaluated IC and shifting when compared with normotensive controls. |
