Prebiotic effect of D-allulose and β-glucan on whey beverage with <i>Bifidobacterium animalis</i> and investigation of some health effects of this functional beverage on rats

RUGJI, Jerina; ÇALIŞKAN, Zühal; DINÇOĞLU, Ahmet Hulusi; ÖZGÜR, Mustafa; EROL, Zeki; ÖZGÜR, Elif Büşra

doi:10.1590/fst.07022

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Food Science and Technology

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Original Article • Food Sci. Technol 42 • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/fst.07022 copy

Prebiotic effect of D-allulose and β-glucan on whey beverage with Bifidobacterium animalis and investigation of some health effects of this functional beverage on rats

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

To meet consumer requirements and expectations, innovative approaches to combining whey with other ingredients are being explored. The demand for health-promoting drinks containing vitamins, probiotics, prebiotics, minerals, and bioactive components (antioxidants) has risen, propelling market expansion. The purpose of this study was to develop a synbiotic functional whey beverage supplemented with Bifidobacterium animalis, D-allulose, and β-glucan and evaluate its microbiological, physicochemical, and influence on several health indicators in a Wistar rat model. The beverage supplemented with D-allulose had the highest average viable counts of B. animalis (9.20 log₁₀CFU/g) and was the second most preferred in terms of of taste, texture and general acceptability compared to β-glucan-containing beverage. The highest TAS and lowest TOS values were determined in the serum samples of rats belonging to group WA, WG and WAG, respectively. This study might lead to additional studies focusing on specific variables and the relevance of utilizing D-allulose in dairy product processing.

Keywords:
Bifidobacterium animalis; β-glucan; D-allulose; functional beverage; whey

		1	7	14	21	28
TAMC
	W	8.69 ± 0.03^Cb	8.81 ± 0.03^Aa	8.67 ± 0.02^Cb	8.79 ± 0.01^ABa	8.58 ± 0.01^Bc
	WA	8.89 ± 0.01^Aa	8.83 ± 0.01^Ac	8.85 ± 0.01^Aab	8.78 ± 0.01^Bd	8.86 ± 0.01^Ab
	WG	8.77 ± 0.04^Ba	8.69 ± 0.03^Bb	8.64 ± 0.01^Cb	8.76 ± 0.01^Ca	8.49 ± 0.02^Dc
	WAG	8.87 ± 0.02^Aa	8.81 ± 0.01^Ab	8.76 ± 0.02^Bc	8.81 ± 0.01^Ab	8.53 ± 0.03^Cd
B.animalis
	W	8.83 ± 0.3^Aa	8.54 ± 0.01^Cc	8.70 ± 0.01^Cb	8.71 ± 0.04^Bb	8.81 ± 0.01^Ba
	WA	8.84 ± 0.01^Ae	9.20 ± 0.01^Aa	8.90 ± 0.01^Ab	8.88 ± 0.01^Ac	8.86 ± 0.01^Ad
	WG	8.77 ± 0.01^Ba	8.75 ± 0.02^Bab	8.61 ± 0.01^Dc	8.74 ± 0.01^Bb	8.76 ± 0.01^Dab
	WAG	8.80 ± 0.01^ABa	8.75 ± 0.06^Ba	8.80 ± 0.04^Ba	8.77 ± 0.01^Ba	8.78 ± 0.01^Ca

				1	7	14	21	28
pH
	W			4.85 ± 0.01^Aa	4.63 ± 0.06A^Bb	4.63 ± 0.01^Ab	4.66 ± 0.01^Bb	4.41 ± 0.01^Cc
	WA			4.87 ± 0.01^Aa	4.70 ± 0.01^Abc	4.63 ± 0.09^Ac	4.77 ± 0.01^Aab	4.74 ± 0.01^Ab
	WG			4.83 ± 0.01^Ba	4.55 ± 0.02^Bc	4.53 ± 0.01^Acd	4.61 ± 0.01^Cb	4.49 ± 0.04^Bd
	WAG			4.86 ± 0.02^Aa	4.64 ± 0.01^Bc	4.58 ± 0.01^Ad	4.68 ± 0.01^Bb	4.49 ± 0.02^Be
Dry mater
		W		17.69 ± 0.01^Ba	17.69 ± 0.04^Ba	17.67 ± 0.01^Ba	17.69 ± 0.01^Ba	17.70 ± 0.01^Ba
		WA		18.65 ± 0.01^Aa	18.64 ± 0.01^Ab	18.63 ± 0.01^Ab	18.63 ± 0.01^Ab	18.65 ± 0.01^Aa
		WG		18.65 ± 0.01^Aa	18.65 ± 0.01^Aa	18.65 ± 0.02^Aa	18.65 ± 0.02^Aa	18.66 ± 0.01^Aa
		WAG		18.64 ± 0.01^Aab	18.63 ± 0.01^Aab	18.62 ± 0.02^Ab	18.64 ± 0.01^Aab	18.65 ± 0.01^Aa
Titratable acidity
		W		0.39 ± 0.01^BCd	0.54 ± 0.01^Bb	0.54 ± 0.01^Db	0.51 ± 0.01^Bc	0.71 ± 0.01^Aa
		WA		0.38 ± 0.01^Ce	0.50 ± 0.01^Db	0.55 ± 0.01^BCa	0.42 ± 0.01^Cd	0.44 ± 0.01^Cc
		WG		0.42 ± 0.02^Ad	0.60 ± 0.01^Ab	0.57 ± 0.01^Abc	0.55 ± 0.01^Ac	0.66 ± 0.01^Ba
		WAG		0.41 ± 0.01^ABd	0.52 ± 0.01^Cc	0.57 ± 0.01^ABb	0.51 ± 0.01^Bc	0.66 ± 0.01^Ba
Total protein content
			W	1.81 ± 0.04^Cc	1.94 ± 0.02^Bc	2.21 ± 0.06^Bab	2.31 ± 0.07^Ba	2.12 ± 0.06^Ab
			WA	1.90 ± 0.02^Bc	2.16 ± 0.01^Ab	2.26 ± 0.03^ABb	2.48 ± 0.07^Aa	2.21 ± 0.06^Ab
			WG	1.97 ± 0.02^Ae	2.11 ± 0.04^Ad	2.33 ± 0.01^Ab	2.41 ± 0.03^ABa	2.21 ± 0.03^Ac
			WAG	1.93 ± 0.01^ABd	2.15 ± 0.01^Ac	2.26 ± 0.02^ABb	2.37 ± 0.03^ABa	2.11 ± 0.07^Ac

				1	28
L*
	W			58.16 ± 2.11^Ab	73.76 ± 0.5^Aa
	WA			61.31 ± 3.54^Ab	73.17 ± 0.5^ABa
	WG			63.85 ± 0.23^Ab	72.27 ± 0.5^Ba
	WAG			60.80 ± 2.68^Aa	62.01 ± 0.5^Ca
a*
		W		-8.03 ± 0.02^Bb	-8.66 ± 0.05^Ca
		WA		-8.46 ± 0.32^Ba	-9.19 ± 0.05^Da
		WG		-7.00 ± 1.19^Aa	-7.17 ± 0.05^Ba
		WAG		-7.13 ± 0.36^Aa	-6.86 ± 0.05^Aa
b*
			W	8.55 ± 0.20^Ab	15.50 ± 0.5^Ba
			WA	10.16 ± 1.37^Ab	16.30 ± 0.10^Aa
			WG	9.45 ± 0.70^Ab	13.79 ± 0.02^Ca
			WAG	7.86 ± 1.26^Aa	10.20 ± 0.02^Da

Parameters	Experimental Groups (Mean ± Std. Deviation)
Parameters	NC	W	WA	WG	WAG
Initial body weight (g)	227.1 ± 30.8^Ab	243.4 ± 29.1^Ab	218.1 ± 26.4^Ab	231.1 ± 21.6^Ac	225.7 ± 32.5^Ab
7. day body weight (g)	255.7 ± 34.9^Aab	268.2 ± 31.2^Aab	240.4 ± 27.8^Aab	255.7 ± 22.1^Abc	252.6 ± 33.6^Aab
14. day body weight (g)	270.4 ± 38.1^Aab	286.5 ± 32.7^Aa	259.1 ± 30.1^Aab	275.8 ± 24.7^Aab	264.6 ± 36.0^Aab
21. day body weight (g)	285.3 ± 27.0^Aa	283.5 ± 20.3^Aab	271.0 ± 33.3^Aa	286.1 ± 22.9^Aab	285.2 ± 14.0^Aa
28. day body weight (g)	297.5 ± 27.0^Aa	301.9 ± 20.4^Aa	281.4 ± 33.5^Aa	295.1 ± 24.4^Aa	289.1 ± 19.8^Aa
Weight gain (g)	70.4 ± 27.4^A	58.5 ± 20.2^A	63.3 ± 11.4^A	63.9 ± 14.2^A	63.4 ± 29.3^A

Parameters	Day ^* * Mann Whitney U test was used.	Experimental Groups (Mean ± Std. Deviation)
Parameters	Day ^* * Mann Whitney U test was used.	NC	W	WA	WG	WAG
Glucose (mg/dL)	14	112.0 ± 3.0^Aa	116.0 ± 2.0^Aa	114.0 ± 2.0^Aa	115.0 ± 5.0^Aa	113.3 ± 1.3^Aa
Glucose (mg/dL)	28	115.0 ± 6.6^Aa	115.3 ± 0.0^Aa	118.0 ± 0.0^Aa	111.3 ± 4.7^Aa	123.7 ± 7.0^Aa
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	14	52.3 ± 21.6^Aa	42.7 ± 2.7^Aa	25.6 ± 6.7^Aa	46.1 ± 0.7^Aa	53.1 ± 14.3^Aa
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	28	33.5 ± 7.5^Aa	36.0 ± 3.0^Aa	31.0 ± 3.0^Aa	46.5 ± 8.5^Aa	40.5 ± 4.5^Aa
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	14	34.5 ± 5.6^Aa	34.3 ± 1.2^ABa	29.1 ± 3.5^ABa	32.0 ± 4.1^ABa	24.6 ± 2.5^Ba
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	28	34.0 ± 2.0^ABa	31.0 ± 5.0^Ba	32.0 ± 3.0^Aa	32.5 ± 4.5^Ba	27.0 ± 3.0^Ba
AST (U/L)	14	91.5 ± 10.2^Aa	121.8 ± 1.4^Aa	81.9 ± 5.1^Aa	102.8 ± 32.9^Aa	134.4 ± 24.3^Aa
AST (U/L)	28	217.1 ± 9.4^Ab	187.7 ± 32.7^Aa	191.4 ± 34.6^Ab	188.3 ± 18.1^Aa	143.4 ± 14.1^Aa
ALT (U/L)	14	53.8 ± 11.5^Aa	72.6 ± 13.9^Aa	70.8 ± 25.0^Aa	48.4 ± 6.7^Aa	61.0 ± 2.0^Aa
ALT (U/L)	28	57.4 ± 16.7^Aa	58.9 ± 10.6^Aa	56.8 ± 11.0^Aa	51.6 ± 3.3^Aa	53.4 ± 4.4^Aa
TAS (mmol/L)	14	1.1 ± 0.7^Aa	1.0 ± 0.2^Aa	0.8 ± 0.1^Aa	0.8 ± 0.1^Aa	0.7 ± 0.7^Aa
TAS (mmol/L)	28	1.0 ± 0.3^Aa	0.8 ± 0.3^Aa	1.0 ± 0.1^Aa	1.0 ± 0.1^Ab	1.6 ± 0.1^Bb
TOS (µmmol/L)	14	4.4 ± 0.8^Aa	7.6 ± 2.5^Aa	2.9 ± 0.6^ABa	9.6 ± 1.6^BCa	5.9 ± 0.7^Ca
TOS (µmmol/L)	28	9.4 ± 5.3^Aa	3.8 ± 2.1^Ab	2.8 ± 0.7^Aa	2.5 ± 0.4^ABb	2.5 ± 0.1^Bb

Parameters	Day	Experimental Groups (Mean ± Std. Deviation)
Parameters	Day	NC	W	WA	WG	WAG
Coliform	7	5.50 ± 0.07^Ba	5.71 ± 0.07^ABa	5.81 ± 0.02^Aa	5.42 ± 0.16^Ba	5.68 ± 0.15^ABa
	14	5.62 ± 0.15^Aa	5.71 ± 0.09^Aa	5.70 ± 0.15^Aa	5.57 ± 0.52^Aa	5.40 ± 0.28^Aa
	28	5.45 ± 0.29^Aa	5.51 ± 0.39^Aa	5.59 ± 0.23^Aa	5.09 ± 0.00^Ab	5.51 ± 0.46^Aa
*E. coli*	7	5.75 ± 0.12^Aa	5.80 ± 0.50^Aa	5.61 ± 0.20^Aa	5.71 ± 0.00^Aa	5.53 ± 0.82^Aa
	14	5.94 ± 0.04^Aa	5.29 ± 0.10^Bb	5.91 ± 0.53^Aa	5.09 ± 0.88^Bb	5.55 ± 0.38^ABa
	28	5.90 ± 0.50^Aa	5.79 ± 0.16^Aa	5.79 ± 0.11^Aa	5.40 ± 0.30^Aa	5.55 ± 0.34^Aa
Lactobacillus spp.	7	8.44 ± 0.56^Cb	8.82 ± 0.88^Bb	9.00 ± 0.43^Aa	8.87 ± 0.23^ABa	8.92 ± 0.01^ABa
	14	9.42 ± 0.22^Aa	9.48 ± 0.25^Aa	9.36 ± 0.26^Aa	9.12 ± 0.81^Aa	9.15 ± 0.56^Aa
	28	8.50 ± 0.24^Ab	8.39 ± 0.17^Ac	8.30 ± 0.13^Ab	8.26 ± 0.20^Ab	8.38 ± 0.15^Ab
*B. animalis*	7	8.47 ± 0.67^Bb	8.88 ± 0.29^Ab	9.12 ± 0.15^Aa	8.94 ± 0.15^Ab	9.08 ± 0.13^Ab
	14	9.23 ± 0.14^Ba	9.39 ± 0.12^ABa	9.18 ± 0.53^Ba	9.24 ± 0.88^Ba	9.53 ± 0.96^Aa
	28	8.33 ± 0.84^ABb	8.45 ± 0.54^Ac	8.10 ± 0.17^Cb	8.16 ± 0.52^Cc	8.94 ± 0.59^BCc
Lactococcus spp.	7	6.97 ± 0.16^Aa	7.31 ± 0.21^Aa	7.03 ± 0.00^ABa	6.90 ± 0.04^ABa	7.63 ± 0.45^Ba
	14	7.89 ± 0.02^Ab	7.79 ± 0.96^Aa	7.93 ± 1.02^Aa	8.17 ± 0.39^Ab	7.80 ± 0.07^Aa
	28	7.05 ± 0.39^Aa	7.57 ± 0.70^Aa	7.03 ± 0.07^Aa	8.72 ± 0.07^Bb	8.69 ± 0.0^Bb
Streptococcus spp.	7	8.09 ± 0.03^Aa	8.91 ± 0.17^Ba	8.91 ± 0.17^Ba	8.76 ± 0.1^Ba	8.92 ± 0.10^Bab
	14	8.36 ± 0.13^Aa	8.77 ± 0.16^Aa	8.71 ± 0.07^Aa	8.80 ± 0.43^Aa	8.71 ± 0.17^Aab
	28	8.61 ± 0.39^A	8.01 ± 0.06^Ab	8.04 ± 0.04^ABb	9.16 ± 0.32^Ba	9.21 ± 0.20^Bac

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[1] *Corresponding author: adincoglu@mehmetakif.edu.tr