Effect of different drying methods on the bioactive, microstructural, and in-vitro bioaccessibility of bioactive compounds of the pomegranate arils

OZAY-ARANCIOGLU, Irem; BEKIROGLU, Hatice; KARADAG, Ayse; SAROGLU, Oznur; TEKIN-ÇAKMAK, Zeynep Hazal; KARASU, Salih

doi:10.1590/fst.06221

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Original Article • Food Sci. Technol (Campinas) 42 • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/fst.06221 copy

Effect of different drying methods on the bioactive, microstructural, and in-vitro bioaccessibility of bioactive compounds of the pomegranate arils

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the effect of different drying methods on the drying kinetic, total bioactive content, in-vitro bioaccessibility of bioactive compounds, and color and microstructural properties of pomegranate arils. Drying methods significantly affected all selected parameters of dried pomegranate arils (P<0.05). Freeze-drying (FD) showed higher bioactive compounds, lower shrinkage, and better color quality than those of other samples. Ultrasound-assisted vacuum drying (UAVD) showed lower drying times, lower shrinkage, and higher bioactive compounds than vacuum drying (VD) and hot air drying (HAD). The ABTS, CUPRAC, and DPPH results were 34.53-63.71 μmol TE/g, 29.70-61.60 μmol TE/g and 64.82-93.69% DPPH radical scavenging activity, respectively. Also, the highest values of antioxidant capacity for all methods were obtained from the samples dried with FD followed by UAVD, VD, and HAD. The recovery of TPC in dried and fresh samples changed from 2.58% (fresh pomegranate) to 10.32% (vacuum-dried pomegranate). The recovery of TPC for freeze-dried samples (2.62%) was closest to the fresh ones and VD showed the highest TPC recovery. This study suggested that UAVD and VD should be used as alternative methods to HAD due to higher bioactive compounds retention, better color and surface quality, and higher recovery of bioactive compounds.

Keywords:
ultrasound-assisted vacuum drying; in-vitro bioaccessibility; pomegranate aril; vacuum drying

Methods	Temp. (°C)	Drying Time (min)	TPC (mg GAE/g)	TFC (mg CE/g)	TAC (mg Cyanidin-3-glucoside/ 100 g)	ABTS (µmol TE/g)	CUPRAC (µmol TE/g)	DPPH (%)
Fresh aril			8.22 ± 0.01^a	0.49 ± 0.06^a	92.87 ± 0.88^b	56.11 ± 2.10^b	59.87 ± 0.05^b	87.246 ± 1.216^b

HAD	55 °C	950	6.13 ± 0.20^e	0.33 ± 0.01^d	41.48 ± 0.57^e	34.53 ± 0.28^e	29.70 ± 0.38^e	64.821 ± 4.531^e

VD	55 °C	650	6.39 ± 0.25^d	0.39 ± 0.03^c	59.31 ± 0.06^d	41.71 ± 2.05^c	33.11 ± 0.95^d	75.715 ± 4.291^d

UAVD	55 °C	510	6.88 ± 0.27^c	0.47 ± 0.01^b	71.28 ± 0.62^c	37.75 ± 1.94^d	49.45 ± 1.84^c	84.510 ± 0.640^c

FD	-50 °C	3420	7.88 ± 0.01^b	0.49 ± 0.04^a	101.75 ± 0.58^a	63.71+4.32^a	61.61 ± 0.63^a	93.695 ± 0.640^a

Methods			TPC (mg GAE/g)	TFC (mg CE/g)	ABTS (µmol TE/g)	CUPRAC (µmol TE/g)	Anthocyanin (mg Cyanidin-3-glucoside/ 100 g)
Vacuum Dried Pomegranate 55 °C	Undigested		6.39 ± 0.25^d	0.39 ± 0.03^bc	41.71 ± 2.05^b	33.11 ± 0.95^b	59.31 ± 0.06^d
	Oral		5.63 ± 0.12^c	0.92 ± 0.19^d	101.64 ± 1.40^c	88.65 ± 5.08^c	3.80 ± 0.34^b
	Gastric		5.11 ± 0.29^c	0.66 ± 0.10^cd	11.81 ± 1.44^a	95.86 ± 5.92^c	5.73 ± 0.75^c
	Intestinal	OUT	4.09 ± 0.27^b	0.29 ± 0.06^b	140.32 ± 3.13^d	139.46 ± 2.67^d	ND
	Intestinal	IN	0.66 ± 0.04^a	ND	7.02 ± 0.03^a	7.84 ± 1.42^a	ND
	Recovery (%)		10.32	-	16.83	23.67	-
Oven-Dried Pomegranate 55 °C	Undigested		6.13 ± 0.20^c	0.33 ± 0.01^b	34.53 ± 0.28^b	29.70 ± 0.38^b	41.48 ± 0.57^d
	Oral		4.51 ± 0.54^b	0.41 ± 0.02^b	64.03 ± 6.28^c	75.46 ± 6.84^c	1.41 ± 0.36^b
	Gastric		3.72 ± 0.52^b	0.60 ± 0.080^c	8.14 ± 0.08^a	72.68 ± 4.69^c	4.17 ± 0.61^c
	Intestinal	OUT	3.50 ± 0.64^b	0.71 ± 0.04^c	118.33 ± 10.23^d	132.52 ± 3.39^d	ND
	Intestinal	IN	0.47 ± 0.08^a	ND	5.57 ± 0.38^a	5.52 ± 0.81^a	ND
	Recovery (%)		7.68	-	16.13	18.58	-
Ultrasound-Assisted Vacuum Drying-55 °C	Undigested		6.88 ± 0.27^e	0.47 ± 0.01^c	37.75 ± 1.94^b	49.45 ± 1.84^b	71.28 ± 0.62^d
	Oral		3.95 ± 0.02^b	0.44 ± 0.04^c	67.27 ± 4.96^c	61.66 ± 7.84^b	7.99 ± 0.11^b
	Gastric		5.10 ± 0.22^c	0.41 ± 0.07^c	12.81 ± 0.95^a	127.83 ± 6.47^d	12.03 ± 1.00^c
	Intestinal	OUT	6.03 ± 0.04^d	0.26 ± 0.03^b	116.94 ± 2.50^d	109.78 ± 5.00^c	ND
		IN	0.66 ± 0.06^a	ND	8.69 ± 0.67^a	24.91 ± 1.58^a	ND
	Recovery (%)		9.59	-	23.01	50.37	-
Freeze Dried Pomegranate	Undigested		7.88 ± 0.01^c	0.49 ± 0.04^b	63.71+4.32^b	61.61 ± 0.63^b	101.75 ± 0.58^d
	Oral		4.80 ± 0.25^b	0.43 ± 0.11^b	71.71 ± 9.15^b	65.16 ± 4.77^b	8.26 ± 2.36^b
	Gastric		9.24 ± 1.41^d	0.86 ± 0.10^c	9.51 ± 0.80^a	152.12 ± 9.70^c	65.17 ± 1.04^c
	Intestinal	OUT	5.32 ± 0.88^bc	0.31 ± 0.06^b	129.25 ± 32.06^c	165.00 ± 12.84^c	ND
	Intestinal	IN	0.23 ± 0.02^a	ND	3.90 ± 0.10^a	23.94 ± 2.26^a	ND
	Recovery (%)		2.92	-	6.12	38.85	-
Fresh Pomegranate	Undigested		8.22 ± 0.01^e	0.39 ± 0.06^c	56.11 ± 2.10^c	29.87 ± 0.05^b	62.87 ± 0.88^c
	Oral		2.84 ± 0.12^c	0.41 ± 0.02^c	21.87 ± 5.06^a	32.15 ± 1.79^b	41.97 ± 1.11^b
	Gastric		1.65 ± 0.26^b	0.68 ± 0.04^d	27.92 ± 3.29^a	29.62 ± 2.84^b	42.09 ± 8.13^b
	Intestinal	OUT	3.94 ± 0.41^d	0.28 ± 0.01^b	44.06 ± 3.67^b	48.96 ± 1.45^c	ND
	Intestinal	IN	0.22 ± 0.05^a	ND	23.12 ± 0.86^a	6.39 ± 0.53^a	ND
	Recovery (%)		2.67	-	41.20	21.39	-

Color Parameters	Fresh Pomegranate	Dried Pomegranate
Color Parameters	Fresh Pomegranate	UAVD	VD	HAD	FD
L*	32.7 ± 1.13^b	29.2 ± 0.71^c	32.7 ± 0.43^b	26.1 ± 0.70^d	41.9 ± 0.79^a
a*	12.9 ± 1.79^c	13.0 ± 1.30^c	12.1 ± 1.28^c	15.0 ± 1.41^b	18.7 ± 0.98^a
b*	4.8 ± 1.00^a	2.9 ± 1.62^ab	2.1 ± 0.30^b	5.6 ± 1.52^a	1.9 ± 0.28^b
ΔE		4.16 ± 0.22^c	2.82 ± 0.10^d	6.97 ± 0.18^b	11.25 ± 1.00^a

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[1] *Corresponding author: skarasu@yildiz.edu.tr