Adoption of cleaner production in a pupunha palm heart factory: a systematic literature review and a case study

VARELLA, Walter Augusto; OLIVEIRA NETO, Geraldo Cardoso de; SOUSA, Thales Botelho de

doi:10.1590/fst.65720

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Food Science and Technology

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Review Article • Food Sci. Technol (Campinas) 42 • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/fst.65720 copy

Adoption of cleaner production in a pupunha palm heart factory: a systematic literature review and a case study

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The pupunha (peach palm) palm heart production in the Vale do Ribeira (southern region of the State of São Paulo-Brazil) brings economic benefits to the region, and environmental risks with the generation of a large amount of waste. The Cleaner Production adoption in the pupunha palm heart factories is a strategy for reducing environmental impacts and generating profit, with consequent rational use of raw material, reuse of waste, and new equipment installation. This research aims to evaluate the Cleaner Production adoption’s environmental and economic benefits in the reuse of waste generated in pupunha palm heart processing. The case study was carried out in a factory, using direct observation, interviews, and documentary data. The calculation of ROI was an adequate tool for economic evaluation, and the adoption of gondolas in the stages of material separation and waste treatment provided improvements in the production processes. The Cleaner Production application increased the theoretical knowledge about the treatment and use of the waste, reduced the environmental impact, allowed the development of a new business, and generated economic gains through the creation of employment and increase of income.

Keywords:
economic and environmental evaluation; cleaner production; solid waste; pupunha (Peach Palm)

Author(s)	Country	Factory	Waste Type	Percentage of solid waste	Waste Treatment	Economic Gain	Environmental Gain
Denham et al. (2016)Denham, F. C., Biswas, W. K., Solah, V. A., & Howieson, J. R. (2016). Greenhouse gas emissions from a Western Australian finfish supply chain. Journal of Cleaner Production, 112, 2079-2087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.11.080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014...	Australia	Fish fillet	CO₂	---------------------	Biogas production	Decrease in water and energy costs	Reduction of 35% in greenhouse gas emissions
Wu et al. (2016)Wu, D., Cao, Y., Chen, J., Gao, H., Ye, X., Liu, D., & Chen, S. (2016). Feasibility study on water reclamation from the sorting/grading operation in Mandarin orange canning production. Journal of Cleaner Production, 113, 224-230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.12.047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015...	China	Canned tangerine	Wastewater	---------------------	Installing activated carbon filters	Water treatment cost savings	Decreased water consumption

Sette et al. (2020)Sette, P., Fernandez, A., Soria, J., Rodriguez, R., Salvatori, D., & Mazza, G. (2020). Integral valorization of fruit waste from wine and cider industries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 242, 118486. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118486. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019...	Argentina	Grape and apple wine	Green apple pomace, grape pomace	100% of discarded fruits	Extraction of bioactive compounds, gasification of the residual solid and obtaining added value chemicals	Activated carbon production for use in fuel and reinforcement applications in the soil structure	Elimination of accumulation of organic waste from industries
Adazabra et al. (2016)Adazabra, A. N., Viruthagiri, G., & Ravisankar, R. (2016). Cleaner production in the Shea industry via the recovery of Spent Shea Waste for reuse in the construction sector. Journal of Cleaner Production, 122, 335-344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.02.045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016...	Ghana	Shea production	Spent shea	50 to 75%	Use in the manufacture of clay bricks	Bricks used in building stronger walls	Reduction of disposal and non-use of waste
Jin et al. (2016)Jin, B., Zepf, F., Bai, Z., Gao, B., & Zhu, N. (2016). A biotech-systematic approach to select fungi for bioconversion of winery biomass wastes to nutrient-rich feed. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 103, 60-68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2016.06.034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2016.06...	Australia	Wine industry	Grape marc and lees	Not mentioned	Extraction of fungi for producing protein-rich animal feedstock	Increased protein and digestibility of animal feedstock	Reduced carbon emission of landfills in Australia.
Tesfaye et al. (2018)Tesfaye, T., Johakimu, J. K., Chavan, R. B., Sithole, B., & Ramjugernath, D. (2018). Valorisation of mango seed via extraction of starch: preliminary techno-economic analysis. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 20(1), 81-94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10098-017-1457-3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10098-017-145...	Ethiopia	Mango juice-making industry	Solid waste (mango seeds)	15 to 25% of the fruit	Manufacturing of starch from mango seeds	Accounting rate of return of 83%	Reduction in the environmental loads in traditional processing
	Ethiopia	Mango juice-making industry	Solid waste (mango seeds)	15 to 25% of the fruit	Manufacturing of starch from mango seeds	59% reduction of unit production cost compared to maize	Use of small amounts of chemicals in the processing

Tesfaye et al. (2020)Tesfaye, T., Ayele, M., Ferede, E., Gibril, M., Kong, F., & Sithole, B. (2020). A techno-economic feasibility of a process for extraction of starch from waste avocado seeds. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, (In Press). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10098-020-01981-1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10098-020-019...	Ethiopia	Avocado farm	Solid waste (avocado seeds)	20 to 25% of the fruit	Manufacturing of starch from avocado seeds	Accounting rate of return of 75%	Reduction in the amounts of chemicals used in the starch extraction process
	Ethiopia	Avocado farm	Solid waste (avocado seeds)	20 to 25% of the fruit	Manufacturing of starch from avocado seeds	40% reduction of selling price compared to corn starch	Processing of wastes generated
Zhang et al. (2020)Zhang, C., Ren, H., & Zhong, C. (2020). Economical production of vitamin K2 using wheat starch wastewater. Journal of Cleaner Production, 270, 122486. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122486. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020...	China	Wheat starch	Wastewater	---------------------	Nutrient extraction from wastewater	Production of vitamin K₂ using Bacillus from compounds present in wastewater
Abou-Elela et al. (2008)Abou-Elela, S. I., Nasr, F. A., & El-Shafai, S. A. (2008). Wastewater management in small-and medium-size enterprises: case studies. The Environmentalist, 28(3), 289-296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10669-007-9142-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10669-007-914...	Egypt	Confectionery	Wastewater	---------------------	Chemical and biological treatment	Saving financial resources for the construction of a water treatment plant	Elimination of untreated wastewater discharge into the public sewage system
Dvarionienė et al. (2012)Dvarionienė, J., Kruopienė, J., & Stankevičienė, J. (2012). Application of cleaner technologies in milk processing industry to improve the environmental efficiency. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 14(6), 1037-1045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10098-012-0518-x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10098-012-051...	Lithuania	Milk processing	Wastewater	---------------------	Use of water treatment equipment	Reduction of 40% in energy consumption, 68% in washing materials, and 57% in electricity	Reduction of 9% in pollutant emissions, and 31% in water consumption
Willers et al. (2014)Willers, C. D., Ferraz, S. P., Carvalho, L. S., & Rodrigues, L. B. (2014). Determination of indirect water consumption and suggestions for cleaner production initiatives for the milk-producing sector in a Brazilian middle-sized dairy farming. Journal of Cleaner Production, 72, 146-152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.02.055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014...	Brazil	Dairy farm	Wastewater	---------------------	Training in water use and replacement of cleaning equipment	Reduction of additional water and equipment costs	Reduction of water consumption and final amount of polluting waste

Material	Daily amount (ton)	Monthly amount (ton)	Annual amount (ton)	%
Stalks of pupunha processed	15	450	5,400	100
Pupunha bark (residue)	7.34	220.20	2,642.40	48.9
Palm heart billets	7.66	229.80	2,757.60	51.1

Cash flow	Year 0 (US$)	Year 1 (US$)	Year 2 (US$)	Year 3 (US$)	Year 4 (US$)	Year 5 (US$)
Investment	- 857.14
Annual Cash		20,961.21	20,961.21	20,961.21	20,961.21	20,961.21
Cash Flow Total	- 857.14	20,961.15	20,961.15	20,961.15	20,961.21	20,961.21
ROI or IRR		2,445.5% per year
PayBack minus 15% per year		0.06 year

Sociedade Brasileira de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos Av. Brasil, 2880, Caixa Postal 271, 13001-970 Campinas SP - Brazil, Tel.: +55 19 3241.5793, Tel./Fax.: +55 19 3241.0527 - Campinas - SP - Brazil
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[1] *Corresponding author: geraldo.prod@gmail.com

Investment in the implementation of Cleaner Production	US$ 857.14
Depreciation term (years)	10
Annual depreciation	US$ 85.71

Annual Cost Reduction achieved	US$ 29,907.85
Annual depreciation	- US$ 85.71
Basis for calculating Income Tax (IR)	US$ 29,822.14
TILP + SCNI (Social Contribution on Profit)	30%
Annual IT + SCNI value	- US$ 8,946.64
Annual Net Cost Reduction	US$ 20,875.50
Annual Depreciation	US$ 85.71
Annual Cash Generation	US$ 20,961.21

ROI Evaluation and Payback Period	% ROI = half-yearly net income / investment
	ROI Period = investment / half-yearly net income