Nutritional prospects of some wild edible medicinal plants of District Harnai Balochistan, Pakistan

ULLAH, Asmat; ANJUM, Shaista; MASOOD, Ayeesha; BATOOL, Huma; KAKAR, Hidayatullah; SHAFIQUE, Munib Ahmed; NADEEM, Sidra; PONYA, Zsolt; ISMAIL, Tariq

doi:10.1590/fst.115922

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Original Article • Food Sci. Technol 43 • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/fst.115922 copy

Nutritional prospects of some wild edible medicinal plants of District Harnai Balochistan, Pakistan

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The aim of this research work was to evaluate the nutritional worth of some wild edible medicinal plants of District Harnai, Balochistan. Five wild edible medicinal plants (WEMPs) viz., Ficus carica L., Morus alba L., M. nigra L., Olea ferruginea Royle and Pistacia khinjuk Stocks were collected from study area. Proximate and mineral composition of leaf and fruit samples were quantified. Proximate composition revealed that leaf samples contained significant amount of dry matter, ash and protein content in O. ferruginea and fat content and Crude fiber in F.carica, Total carbohydrates and Organic matter in P. khinjuk comparatively. Further data highlighted fruit samples as rich source of organic matter, fat content and total carbohydrate (F.carica), Dry matter (P. khinjuk), Ash and protein content (M. alba) and Crude fiber (M. nigra). Similarly, mineral composition revealed a wide variability of macro and micronutrients in leave and fruit samples of selected WEMPs. The overall results obtained in this study have showed that F. carica and M. alba. may serve as good source of many important macro-nutrients viz., N, Ca, K, Mg, S and P. Whereas, M. alba followed by M. nigra may be considered as an excellent source of essential micro nutrients including Al, B, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, Sr and Zn. Each selected wild plant manifested variable levels of mineral and proximate compositions representing that all the investigated WEMPs are rich source of nutrients that can fulfil the needs of nutrition while M. alba, M. nigra and F. carica are rich and easily available sources of essential nutrients for human diet.

Keywords:
wild edible medicinal plants; proximate analysis; elemental analysis; macronutrient; micronutrient

S.	Plant Name	Family Name	Local Name	Plant Part	Medicinal Uses
1	Ficus carica L.	Moraceae	Inzar	Leaves	The leaves are used in raw form for treatment of Anti hemorrhoid by local community
1	Ficus carica L.	Moraceae	Inzar	Fruit	Fruit is eaten raw; used for improving the eye vision and latex is applied on pimples and eruptions, blood purifier, miswak and skin problems.
2	Morus alba L.	Moraceae	Tooth	Leaves	The leaves are used for curing of Digestion and anti-fever.
2	Morus alba L.	Moraceae	Tooth	Fruit	Dried and fresh fruit is used as food and used for stomach problem, antifertility and cough.
3	Morus nigra L.	Moraceae	Shahtooth	Leaves	Used for Throat ache Internal inflammation
3	Morus nigra L.	Moraceae	Shahtooth	Fruit	The fruit is used as food, mixed in Ghee and for curing various diseases like cough, fever
4	Olea ferruginea Royle	Oleaceaea	Shawan	Leaves	Its leaves are used medicinally for treatment of Liver pain, flue and cough. Leaves paste is useful for mouth gums and toothache.
4	Olea ferruginea Royle	Oleaceaea	Shawan	Fruit	The fruit is used for Liver pain, cough and flue
5	Pistacia khinjuk Stocks	Anacardiaceae	Shna	Leaves	The leaves are used for Digestion and Diarrhea
5	Pistacia khinjuk Stocks	Anacardiaceae	Shna	Fruit	The fruit is used for Digestion and Diarhhea

S. NO.	Parameters (%)	Plants
		*O. ferruginea*		*P. khinjuk*		*M. alba*		*M. nigra*		*F. carica*
		A	B	A	B	A	B	A	B	A	B
1.	Dry Matter	43 ± 7.46^a	19.36 ± 2.05^e	27.39 ± 3.68^d	44.93 ± 9.60^a	33.62 ± 5.08^c	45.93 ± 5.36^a	39.14 ± 6.05^b	22.93 ± 3.67^e	34.95 ± 4.61^bc	19.43 ± 2.08^e
2.	Ash Content	27.3 ± 4.08^c	18.2 ± 2.08f^g	20.4 ± 3.09^e	31.2 ± 3.03^b	24.5 ± 4.06^d	33.4 ± 5.11^a	24.87 ± 4.10^d	19.32 ± 2.05^ef	20.11 ± 2.03^e	16.4 $\pm$ 2.74^g
3.	Ether Extract	0.14 ± 0.12^g	0.28 ± 0.05^d	0.36 ± 0.075^c	0.17 ± 0.03^f	0.18 ± 0.03^f	0.12 ± 0.03^g	0.22 ± 0.036^e	0.34 ± 0.046^c	0.44 ± 0.05^b	0.54 ± 0.046^a
4.	Total Carbohydrates	27.33 ± 3.07^g	61.73 ± 4.63^a	51.06 ± 3.62^c	21.34 ± 3.07^h	40.65 ± 3.06^e	18.14 ± 4.01ⁱ	34.46 ± 3.03^f	56.8 ± 5.36^b	43.54 ± 5.05^c	63.28 ± 3.64^a
5.	Organic Matter	38.5 ± 2.9^h	64.5 ± 3.1^b	56 ± 3.6^d	43 ± 3.6^g	51.5 ± 3.9^e	35 ± 3.0ⁱ	51 ± 3.6^e	61.5 ± 3.9^c	45 ± 3.0^f	71 ± 3.6^a
6.	Crude Fiber	30.77 ± 5.05^cd	48.84 ± 4.05^abd	50.77 ± 5.02^abc	27.27 ± 3.04^d	41.67 ± 3.04^abc	38.3 ± 3.63^bcd	40.79 ± 3.66^abc	48.91 ± 3.05^ab	56.36 ± 3.03^a	41.67 ± 3.05^abc
7.	Crude Protein	2.63 ± 1.025^a	0.44 ± 0.103^c	0.79 ± 0.005^bc	2.36 ± 1.006^a	1.05 ± 0.004^bc	2.80 ± 0.088^a	1.313 ± 0.103^b	0.61 $\pm$ 0.004^bc	0.96 ± 0.004^bc	0.35 ± 0.004^c

S.NO.	Elements	Plants
		*O. ferruginea*		*P. khinjuk*		*M. alba*		*M. nigra*		*F. carica*
		A	B	A	B	A	B	A	B	A	B
1.	C%	45.48 ± 0.03^c	52.26 ± 0.036^b	47.87 ± 0.05^bc	63.33 ± 0.05^a	42 ± 5.57^c	43.97 ± 10.01^c	35.9 ± 0.04^d	43.97 ± 0.02^c	32.74 ± 0.065^d	43.51 ± 0.04^c
2.	H%	9.05 ± 0.04^c	9.99 ± 0.06^b	6.71 ± 0.03^h	12.11 ± 0.02^a	7.15 ± 0.03^g	8.24 ± 0.03^e	6.19 ± 0.03ⁱ	8.28 ± 0.036^d	5.44 ± 0.055^j	7.63 ± 0.046^f
3.	N%	1.29 ± 0.04^e	0.49 ± 0.072^g	1.25 ± 0.04^e	1.64 ± 0.08^d	6.55 $\pm$ 0.1^a	2.42 ± 0.056^c	2.68 ± 0.095^b	1.55 ± 0.1^d	1.38 ± 0.07^e	1.14 ± 0.06^f

S. NO.	Elements	Plants
		*O. ferruginea*		*P. khinjuck*		*M. alba*		*M.nigra*		*F.carica*
		A	B	A	B	A	B	A	B	A	B
1.	Al (µg/g)	75.22 ± 0.04^d	13.92 ± 0.09^g	92.6 ± 0.02^d	39.32 ± 0.09^e	204 ± 1^a	95.95 ± 1.04^c	171 ± 10.15^b	79.34 ± 8.11^d	174 ± 9^b	25.72 ± 0.14^f
2.	B (µg/g)	29.52 ± 0.12^e	11.18 ± 0.05^g	50.82 ± 2.101^d	0.94 ± 0.09^e	108 ± 2^d	10.48 ± 0.04^g	200 ± 7.21^a	8.64 ± 0.10^g	142 ± 4^b	24.34 ± 0.06^f
3.	Ca (µg/g)	6089 ± 8^f	1741 ± 7^j	9895 ± 5.3^d	1983 ± 9.53ⁱ	13472 ± 6.6^c	3227 ± 4.58^h	20541 ± 5.56^b	3601 ± 100^g	25962 ± 4.4^a	8386 ± 9.53^e
4.	Cr (µg/g)	0.8 ± 0.04^c	0.08 ± 0.01^g	0.14 ± 0.02^e	0.18 ± 0.03f	0.86 ± 0.07b	0.37 ± 0.04^e	0.61 ± 0.6^d	1.13 ± 0.02^a	0.8 ± 0.08^c	0.65 ± 0.07^d
5.	Cu (µg/g)	11.1 ± 1.02^a	4.62 ± 0.15e	6.8 ± 0.15^e	7.14 ± 1.54^bcd	7.57 ± 0.12b	6.31 ± 0.1^d	7.87 ± 0.08^b	4.37 ± 0.10^e	2.78 ± 0.13^f	4.27 ± 0.06^e
6.	Fe (µg/g)	88.7 ± 0.15^f	25.36 ± 0.10^h	104 ± 6.24^e	45.39 $\pm$ 0.06^g	290 ± 4.35^a	113 ± 1^d	191 ± 6.24^c	111 ± 2^d	234 ± 6.24^b	44 ± 2^g
7.	K (µg/g)	15007 ± 2^d	11790 ± 5.57^g	5383 ± 8.18^j	10674 ± 6.56^h	13550 ± 7^e	22840 ± 12.53^a	20722 ± 4.58^b	19027 ± 4.58^c	6041 ± 6.56ⁱ	13527 ± 4.58^f
8.	Mg (µg/g)	1261 ± 7.54^h	506 ± 3^j	2863 ± 6.56^e	923 ± 4.58ⁱ	3939 ± 3^c	2085 ± 3^f	4451 ± 5.57^b	1924 ± 4.58^g	8663 ± 5^a	3269 ± 4.36^d
9.	Mn (µg/g)	10.74 ± 0.05^c	4.13 ± 0.01^d	18.48 ± 0.05a^b	5.47 ± 0.09^d	22.08 ± 1.03^a	9.96 ± 0.02^d	18.76 ± 0.10^c	9.54 ± 0.10^d	11.55 ± 0.07^c	5.19 ± 0.03^d
10.	Na (µg/g)	311.48 ± 0.09^b	74.45 ± 0.09^b	84.25 ± 0.05^b	60.85 ± 0.11^b	80.2 ± 0.04^b	200.61 ± 0.04^a	55.95 ± 0.046^b	186.689 ± 10.15^b	78.58 ± 0.1^b	385 ± 7.55^b
11.	Ni (µg/g)	0.57 ± 0.02^e	0.12 ± 0.03^f	0.47 ± 0.06^f	0.37 ± 0.04^g	1.15 ± 0.03^b	0.98 ± 0.06^c	0.66 ± 0.09^d	1.35 ± 0.09^a	0.72 ± 0.07^d	0.69 ± 0.03^d
12.	P (µg/g)	858 ± 15^e	508 ± 3^f	431 ± 10^g	1035 ± 10.15^d	1537 ± 4.58^b	1734 ± 6.56^a	1151 ± 5.29^c	1505 ± 3.61^b	487 ± 9^f	838 ± 3.61^e
13.	S (µg/g)	821 ± 5^bc	248 ± 5.57^e	344 ± 5.57^de	484 ± 5.57^c	1346 ± 3.61^a	778 ± 10.54^bc	963 ± 7.55^b	593 ± 5.57^cd	786 ± 9.84b^c	839 ± 7c^d
14.	Sr (µg/g)	108.74 ± 0.1^e	6.19 ± 0.04^f	91.73 ± 0.09^e	14.45 ± 0.08^f	468 ± 9.54^c	122 ± 5.57^e	921 ± 3^a	100.4 ± 0.07^e	861 ± 4.58^b	352 ± 5^d
15.	Zn (µg/g)	12.8 ± 0.07^d	8 ± 4^f	8.33 ± 0.05^f	9.6 ± 0.05^ef	50.9 ± 0.06^a	11.8 ± 0.04^d	16.08 ± 0.09^c	17.8 ± 0.08^b	14.96 ± 0.02^c	11.4 ± 10.06^de

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[1] *Corresponding author: tariq.ismail@um.uob.edu.pk