Determination of migrated formaldehyde from kitchenware using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

ALOTAIBI, Salman; ALOTHMAN, Zeid Abdullah; BADJAH, Ahmad Yacine; SIDDIQUI, Masoom Raza; WABAIDUR, Saikh Mohammad; ALMUTAIRI, Majed M.; ALHUSSAIN, Mohammad Saad

doi:10.1590/fst.14721

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Original Article • Food Sci. Technol (Campinas) 42 • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/fst.14721 copy

Determination of migrated formaldehyde from kitchenware using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

A new GC-MS method is developed for the determination of formaldehyde. Formaldehyde exposure to the food materials may lead to its migration into food. The formaldehyde is reported to be toxic to human health if taken or exposed in higher than recommended quantity. This papers reports analytical method to get the information about the content of the formaldehyde in the kitchenware. Prior to the determination process, simulation study was performed to get the information about the migration of formaldehyde. Method was applied to the real samples for formaldehyde determination. It has been observed that the all the simulated real sample witnessed migration of formaldehyde from the kitchenware. Alongside the validation study was performed too, which suggest that the method is linear in the concentration range of 2.5 to 30 mg l^-1. The precision study suggests a % RSD in the range of 0.568- 3.77 for all concentration points. The recovery study highlights an excellent recovery of the method which was found in the range of 97.64-99.43%. LOD and LOD of the method was found to be 0.35 and 1 ml l^-1, which is equivalent to 0.05 and 0.142 mg l^-1 of formaldehyde, respectively.

Keywords:
formaldehyde; determination; GC-MS; migration; simulation; analytical methods

	Rate °C/ min	Temperature (°C)	Hold Time (Min)	Run Time (Min)
Initial	0	70	0	0
	15	260	6	20

Precision	Amount of formaldehyde (mgL^-1)		RSD (%)	Standard Analytical Error	Confidence Limit	Recovery %
Precision	Taken	Found ± SD	RSD (%)	Standard Analytical Error	Confidence Limit	Recovery %
Intra Day	4.5	4.49 ± 0.04	0.959	0.019	0.05	99.72
	15.0	15.21 ± 0.202	1.32	0.090	0.251	101.41
	30.0	29.517 ± 0.167	0.568	0.075	0.208	98.39
Inter Day	4.5	4.41 ± 0.166	3.77	0.07	0.206	98.03
	15.0	14.87 ± 0.311	2.088	0.138	0.386	99.17
	30.0	30.48 ± 0.596	1.955	0.267	0.75	101.62

Amount of formaldehyde (mgL^-1)		RSD	Standard analytical Error	Confidence Limit	%, Recovery
Taken	Found ±SD	RSD	Standard analytical Error	Confidence Limit	%, Recovery
3.0	2.92±0.04	1.41	0.634	1.76	97.64
7.5	7.40±0.108	1.46	0.04	0.134	98.66
22.5	22.37±0.38	1.71	0.171	0.474	99.43

Sample No	Conc. of HCHO –DNPH (ppm)/0.5mL		Conc. of HCHO –DNPH (ppm)/mL (x2)		Wt. of Dish, Kg	Volume of simulant/ L	Total conc. of HCHO –DNPH (mg/Kg) in the dish/2H	Total conc. of HCHO –DNPH (mg/Kg) in the dish/4H	Total conc. of HCHO (mg/Kg) in the dish/2H	Total conc. of HCHO (mg/Kg) in the dish/4H
Sample No	2h	4h	2h	4h			Total conc. of HCHO –DNPH (mg/Kg) in the dish/2H	Total conc. of HCHO –DNPH (mg/Kg) in the dish/4H	Total conc. of HCHO (mg/Kg) in the dish/2H	Total conc. of HCHO (mg/Kg) in the dish/4H
1	6.50	7.21	13	14.42	0.237	750 ml	41.14	45.63	5.88	6.52
2	6.44	7.50	12.88	15	270 g	1200 ml	57.24	66.67	8.18	9.53
3	6.88	7.20	13.76	14.44	262 g	1000 ml	52.52	54.96	7.50	7.85
4	6.88	7.10	13.76	14.2	269g	860 ml	43.99	45.40	6.29	6.49
5	8.39	9.14	16.78	18.28	123g	123 ml	16.78	18.28	2.40	2.61
6	6.72	7.51	13.44	15.02	94.1g	200 ml	28.56	31.92	4.08	4.56
QC 25 ppm	24.50
7	6.50	7.12	13	14.24	94g	180 ml	24.89	27.27	3.56	3.90
8	7.10	7.44	14.2	14.88	91.8g	160 ml	24.75	25.93	3.54	3.7.
9	6.86	7.56	13.72	15.12	92.2g	160 ml	23.81	26.24	3.40	3.75
10	6.58	7.12	13.16	14.24	115g	200 ml	22.89	24.77	3.27	3.54
11	7.03	7.91	14.06	15.82	111.2g	280 ml	35.41	39.83	5.06	5.69
12	6.96	7.83	13.92	15.66	90.6g	160 ml	24.58	27.66	3.51	3.95
13	6.74	7.50	13.48	15	76.1g	160 ml	28.34	31.54	4.05	4.51
14	7.36	8.27	14.72	16.54	94g	160 ml	25.06	28.15	3.58	4.02
15	2.68	2.96	5.36	5.92	0.179	0.2 ml	5.99	6.62	0.86	0.95
16	2.98	3.42	5.96	6.84	0.207	0.16 ml	4.61	5.29	0.66	0.76
17	23.3	24.5	46.6	49.0	0.188	0.21 ml	52.05	54.74	7.44	7.82
18	3.21	3.62	6.42	7.24	0.365	0.75 ml	13.19	14.88	1.89	2.13
19	3.34	3.70	6.68	7.40	0.153	0.50 ml	21.83	24.18	3.12	3.46
20	2.78	3.08	5.56	6.16	0.299	0.180 ml	3.35	3.71	0.48	0.53
21	2.66	2.98	5.32	5.96	0.309	0.16 ml	2.76	3.08	0.39	0.44
22	3.57	3.98	7.14	7.96	0.296	0.40 ml	9.65	10.76	1.38	1.54

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[1] *Corresponding author: zaothman@ksu.edu.sa

Ionization Mode	Positive ionization
Detection mode	Single ion monitoring
Mass range	50-450 Da (m/z)
SIM	152,180, 210m/z
Transfer line temperature	300 ºC
Ion source temperature	300 ºC