The influence of sexual maturity on the meat quality of free-range chickens

MARÇAL, Joanna Oliveira; OLIVEIRA, Giulia Piva; GERALDO, Adriano; MIRANDA, José Rafael; GARBOSSA, Cesar Augusto Pospissil; LIMA, Lidiany Mendonça Zacaroni; FARIA, Peter Bitencourt

doi:10.1590/fst.07222

Joanna Oliveira MARÇAL

Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras – UFLA, Lavras, MG, Brasil

Giulia Piva OLIVEIRA

Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras – UFLA, Lavras, MG, Brasil

Adriano GERALDO

Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Minas Gerais - IFMG, Campus Bambuí, Bambuí, MG, Brasil

José Rafael MIRANDA

Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras – UFLA, Lavras, MG, Brasil

Cesar Augusto Pospissil GARBOSSA

Departamento de Nutrição e Produção Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zooctenia, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brasil

Lidiany Mendonça Zacaroni LIMA

Central de Análise e Prospecção Química, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Lavras – UFLA, Lavras, MG, Brasil

Peter Bitencourt FARIA ^**Corresponding author: peterbfvet@yahoo.com.br

Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras – UFLA, Lavras, MG, Brasil

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2890-5472

*Corresponding author: peterbfvet@yahoo.com.br

Ingredients (kg)	Initial Feed (1-28 days)	Growth I Feed (29-49 days)	Growth II Feed (50-70 days)	Final Feed (71-180 days)
Corn	64.70	69.10	72.75	73.45
Soybean meal	31.70	27.70	23.85	22.80
Soybean oil	0	0	0.2	0.9
Kaolinite	0	0	0.2	0.2
Limestone	0.1	0.2	0	0.15
Premix for free-range chicken¹ 1 Guaranteed levels of the premix for free-range chicken: folic acid (min.) 23.33 mg/kg, pantothenic acid (min.) 333.33 mg/kg, B.H.T. (min.) 500 mg/kg, biotin (min.) 0.5 mg/kg, calcium (min.) 240 g/kg, calcium (max.) 270 g/kg, copper (min.) 333 mg/kg, choline (min.) 6.000 mg/kg, iron (min.) 1.667 mg/kg, fluoride (max.) 497.8 mg/kg, phosphorus (min.) 51 g/kg, iodine (min.) 28.33 g/kg, lysine (min.) 10 g/kg, manganese (min.) 2.333 mg/kg, methionine (min.) 40 g/kg, niacin (min.) 1.000 mg/kg, selenium (min.) 10 mg/kg, sodium (min.) 47.28 g/kg, Vitamin A (min.) 159 UI/kg, vitamin B1 (min.) 33.33 mg/kg, vitamin B12 (min.) 333.33 mcg/kg, vitamin B2 (min.) 133.33 mg/kg, vitamin B6 (min.) 66.67 mg/kg, vitamin D3 (min.) 50.000 UI/kg, vitamin E (min.) 266.667 UI/kg, vitamin K3 (min.) 53.33 mg/kg, and zinc (min.) 2.000 mg/kg.	3.5	3.0	3.0	2.5
Calculated values	Initial Feed (kg)	Growth I Feed (kg)	Growth II Feed (kg)	Final Feed (kg)
ME² 2 Met. Energy. (kcal/kg)	2949.20	2996.13	3047.97	3098.19
CP³ 3 Crude protein. (%)	20.07	18.50	17.01	16.50
Calcium (%)	1.05	0.9051	0.8663	0.7911
Phosphorus Available (%)	0.4092	0.3609	0.3567	0.3102
Methionine + Cystine (%)	0.6911	0.6370	0.6430	0.5725
Lysine (%)	0.9609	0.8673	0.7789	0.7510
Threonine (%)	0.6778	0.6273	0.5721	0.5522
Tryptophan (%)	0.2292	0.2081	0.1877	0.1816
Choline (mg/kg)	1153.96	1059.73	994.67	945.74
Sodium (mg/kg)	1848.39	1613.59	1611.59	1375.69
Chloride (mg/kg)	3103.34	2744.98	2746.98	2381.02

Variables	Sexual Maturity (SM)			Sex (S)			SEM*	P value
Variables	Immature		Mature	Female		Male	SEM*	SM		S	SM*S
L*	57.13		57.76	58.66		56.23	0.941	0.465		0.009	0.251
a*	4.61		7.27	5.47		6.41	0.983	0.027		0.210	0.990
b*	12.63		12.33	13.63		11.33	0.581	0.581		0.0002	0.778
C*	13.32		14.37	14.91		12.79	0.593	0.062		0.001	0.200
h*	74.25		59.51	68.35		65.41	2.946	<0.0001		0.062	0.014
WLC (%)	19.54		20.96	19.12		21.38	1.644	0.352		0.140	0.412
pH	5.77		5.79	5.81		5.76	0.050	0.673		0.307	0.662
SF (kgf)	1.25		2.03	1.52		1.77	0.195	<0.0001		0.078	0.417
Col Sol mg/g	0.98		1.04	0.71		1.32	0.291	0.922		0.004	0.024
Col Ins mg/g	1.58		3.17	2.17		2.58	0.494	0.015		0.406	0.085
Col Total mg/g	2.56		4.21	2.88		3.90	0.675	0.0547		0.174	0.036
Col Sol %	38.11		21.60	24.91		34.80	4.601	0.0005		0.025	0.483
Col Ins %	61.89		78.40	75.09		65.20	4.601	0.0005		0.025	0.483
Interactions (SM*S)
Variables		Sexual Maturity			Sex
Variables		Sexual Maturity			Female				Male
h*		Immature			73.67^aA				74.84^aA
h*		Mature			63.04^aB				55.99^bB
Col Total mg/g		Immature			2.72^aA				2.40^aB
Col Total mg/g		Mature			3.03^bA				5.39^aA
Col Sol mg/g		Immature			0.92^aA				1.05^aA
Col Sol mg/g		Mature			0.50^bA				1.59^aA

Variables	Sexual Maturity (SM)			Sex (S)			SEM*	P value
Variables	Immature		Mature	Female		Male	SEM*	SM	S	SM*S
L*	51.26		47.93	50.33		48.86	0.893	0.0003	0.081	0.069
a*	11.89		17.01	13.99		14.91	1.281	0.0002	0.324	0.583
b*	13.77		13.24	13.45		13.56	0.406	0.157	0.777	0.164
C*	18.48		21.59	19.61		20.45	0.897	0.0007	0.312	0.851
h*	50.32		38.11	44.94		43.49	3.106	<0.0001	0.134	0.186
WLC %	31.01		32.09	30.34		32.76	1.566	0.453	0.100	0.100
pH	5.81		5.83	5.86		5.77	0.072	0.738	0.191	0.620
SF (kgf)	1.79		2.64	2.34		2.09	0.248	0.005	0.135	0.501
Col Sol mg/g	1.43		1.35	0.99		1.79	0.293	0.120	0.0002	0.003
Col Ins mg/g	2.56		5.70	3.56		4.71	0.633	<0.0001	0.030	0.277
Col Total mg/g	3.99		7.05	4.55		6.50	0.810	<0.0001	0.020	0.149
Col Sol %	35.45		17.45	23.01		29.90	2.323	<0.0001	0.002	0.038
Col Ins %	64.55		82.55	76.99		70.10	2.323	<0.0001	0.002	0.038
Interactions (SM*S)
Variables		Sexual Maturity			Sex
Variables		Sexual Maturity			Female			Male
Col Sol mg/g		Immature			1.40^aA			1.47^aA
Col Sol mg/g		Mature			0.58^bB			2.12^aA
Col Sol %		Immature			34.71^aA			36.19^aA
Col Sol %		Mature			11.31^bB			23.60^aB
Col Ins %		Immature			65.29^aB			63.81^aB
Col Ins %		Mature			88.69^aA			76.40^bA

Variables	Sexual Maturity (SM)			Sex (S)		SEM*	P value
Variables	Immature		Mature	Female	Male	SEM*	SM		S	SM*S
Protein (%)	24.05		24.54	24.52	24.08	0.544	0.238		0.422	0.683
Minerals (%)	1.19		1.35	1.34	1.20	0.085	0.050		0.063	0.928
Moisture (%)	75.16		74.64	74.45	75.34	0.347	0.109		0.009	0.756
Ether Extract (%)	0.79		0.99	0.95	0.83	0.121	0.108		0.859	0.013
Oxid 0 (MDA/g)	0.06		0.29	0.27	0.09	0.058	<0.0001		<0.0001	0.507
Oxid 30 (MDA/g)	0.31		0.47	0.52	0.26	0.111	0.215		0.008	0.593
Oxid 60 (MDA/g)	0.31		0.34	0.36	0.28	0.057	0.552		0.145	0.010
Interactions (SM*S)
Variables		Sexual Maturity		Sex
Variables		Sexual Maturity		Female				Male
Ether Extract (%)		Immature		0.69^aB				0.89^aA
Ether Extract (%)		Mature		1.21^aA				0.78^bA
Oxid 60 (MDA/g)		Immature		0.27^aB				0.34^aA
Oxid 60 (MDA/g)		Mature		0.45^aA				0.23^bA

Variables	Sexual Maturity (SM)				Sex (S)		SEM^* * SEM – Standard Error of the Mean.	P Value
Variables	Immature		Mature		Female	Male	SEM^* * SEM – Standard Error of the Mean.	SM		S	SM*S
Protein (%)	23.56		23.78		23.89	23.44	0.491	0.626		0.316	0.280
Minerals (%)	0.99		1.05		1.03	1.02	0.037	0.010		0.913	0.363
Moisture (%)	76.76		76.12		76.09	76.79	0.305	0.028		0.017	0.281
Ether Extract (%)	2.28		2.27		2.48	2.07	0.269	0.961		0.098	0.035
Oxid 0 (MDA/g)	0.13		0.69		0.64	0.18	0.199	<0.0001		0.017	0.023
Oxid 30 (MDA/g)	0.46		0.66		0.64	0.48	0.119	0.109		0.144	0.531
Oxid 60 (MDA/g)	0.37		0.98		0.84	0.50	0.225	0.0001		0.284	0.571
Interactions (SM*S)
Variables		Sexual Maturity		Sex
Variables		Sexual Maturity		Female					Male
Ether Extract (%)		Immature		2.22^aA					2.34^aA
Ether Extract (%)		Mature		2.75^aA					1.79^bA
Oxid 0 (MDA/g)		Immature		0.17^aB					0.10^aB
Oxid 0 (MDA/g)		Mature		1.12^aA					0.26^bA

[1] *Corresponding author: peterbfvet@yahoo.com.br

Brasil

Brasil

The influence of sexual maturity on the meat quality of free-range chickens

Abstract