Effect of nutmeg on glycemic status in rat and mice: a systematic review

HASBULLAH,; FARIDAH, Didah Nur; DEWI, Fitriya Nur Annisa; INDRASTI, Dias; ANDARWULAN, Nuri

doi:10.1590/fst.130122

HASBULLAH

Department of Food Science and Technology, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia

Faculty of Agricultural, Khairun University, Ternate, Indonesia

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7455-8638

Didah Nur FARIDAH

Department of Food Science and Technology, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia

Southeast Asian Food and Agricultural Science and Technology Center, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7023-9664

Fitriya Nur Annisa DEWI

School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia

Primate Research Center, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7908-7879

Dias INDRASTI

Department of Food Science and Technology, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia

Southeast Asian Food and Agricultural Science and Technology Center, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9087-4160

Nuri ANDARWULAN ^**Corresponding author: andarwulan@apps.ipb.ac.id

Department of Food Science and Technology, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia

Southeast Asian Food and Agricultural Science and Technology Center, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0065-6283

*Corresponding author: andarwulan@apps.ipb.ac.id

References	Nutmeg sample	Dosage	Duration	Outcome (Compared with NC/PC/N/I)	% Differences	Effects*
(Pashapoor et al., 2020Pashapoor, A., Mashhadyrafie, S., & Mortazavi, P. (2020). Ameliorative effect of Myristica fragrans (nutmeg) extract on oxidative status and histology of pancreas in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Folia Morphologica, 79(1), 113-119. PMid:31063201.)	Petroleum ether extract from seed of M. fragrans	50; 100; and 200 mg/kg bw	21 days	FBG < NC	-55.57	+
				FBG > PC	19.19	0
				FBG > N	130.13	0
				FBG < I	-48.28	+
(Zhao et al., 2020Zhao, W., Song, F., Hu, D., Chen, H., Zhai, Q., Lu, W., Zhao, J., Zhang, H., Chen, W., Gu, Z., & Wang, G. (2020). The protective effect of myristica fragrans houtt. Extracts against obesity and inflammation by regulating free fatty acids metabolism in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Nutrients, 12(9), 1-19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12092507. PMid:32825154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12092507... )	Ethanolic 70% extract from seed of M. fragrans	250 mg/kg bw	4 weeks	FBG < NC	NS	+
				FBG > N	NS	0
				FBG < I	NS	+
				HbA1c < NC	NS	+
				HbA1c > N	NS	0
				OGT test: AUC < NC	NS	+
				OGT test: AUC > N	NS	0
(Kareem et al., 2009Kareem, M. A., Krushna, G. S., Hussain, S. A., & Devi, K. L. (2009). Effect of aqueous extract of nutmeg on hyperglycaemia, hyperlipidaemia and cardiac histology associated with isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 8(4), 337-344. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v8i4.45227. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v8i4.4522... )	Aqueous extract from kernel of M. fragrans	100 mg/kg bw	30 days	FBG < NC	-3.9	+
		100 mg/kg bw	30 days	FBG > PC	23.2	0
		100 mg/kg bw + isoproterenol 85 mg/kg bw	30 days	FBG < NC	-8.8	+
		100 mg/kg bw + isoproterenol 85 mg/kg bw	30 days	FBG > PC	NS	0
(Lestari et al., 2019Lestari, K., Diantini, A., Barliana, M. I., Achmad, T. H., Subarnas, A., Mutakin, Abdulah, R., Lesmana, R., & Hwang, J. K. (2019). Potential natural dual agonist PPARα/γ-induced antidiabetic and antidyslipidemic properties of safrole-free nutmeg seed (Myristica fragrans Houtt) extract. The Natural Products Journal, 9(3), 248-253. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2210315509666190206122849. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/22103155096661... )	Safrole-free nutmeg dry extracts from seed of M. fragrans Houtt	5.4 mg/200 g bw	2; 4; and 6 days	FBG < NC	-40	+
				FBG < PC	NS	+
				FBG < I	NS	+
(Eo & Ie, 2020Eo, J., & Ie, E. (2020). Prolonged nutmeg extract usage as potent as glibenclamide in diabetes treatment. American Journal of PharmTech Research, 10(4), 150-162. http://dx.doi.org/10.46624/ajptr.2020.v10.i4.013. http://dx.doi.org/10.46624/ajptr.2020.v1... )	Ethanolic extract from M. fragrans	273.86; 547.7; and 821.58 mg/kg bw	7; 14; 21; 28; and 35 days	FBG > PC	6.59	0
				FBG < N	-4.71	+
				FBG < I	-72.67	+
		273.86 mg/kg bw + 5mg/kg bw glibenclamide	7; 14; 21; 28; and 35 days	FBG < PC	-0.34	+
				FBG < N	-20.49	+
				FBG < I	-65.17	+
(Lestari et al., 2012Lestari, K., Hwang, J., Hartini Kariadi, S., Wijaya, A., Ahmad, T., Subarnas, A., Supriyatna, & Muchtaridi, M. (2012). Screening for PPAR γ agonist from Myristica fragrans Houtt seeds for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes by in vitro and in vivo. Medical and Health Science Journal, 12(3), 7-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15208/mhsj.2012.37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15208/mhsj.2012.37... )	Methanol extract from seed of M. fragrans	125; 250; and 500 mg/kg bw	6 days	FBG < NC	-94.52	+
	Methanol extract from seed of M. fragrans	125; 250; and 500 mg/kg bw	6 days	FBG < PC	-4.52	+
(Somani & Singhai, 2008Somani, R. S., & Singhai, K. (2008). Hypoglycaemic and antidiabetic activities of seeds of Myristica fragrans in normoglycaemic and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Asian Journal of Experimental Sciences, 22(1), 95-102.)	Petroleum ether extract from seed of M. fragrans	200 mg/kg bw	2 weeks	FBG < NC	NS	+
				FBG > PC	40.25	0
				FBG < I	-12.3	+
		50; 100; and 200 mg/kg bw	Administered once at the time of the test	OGT test: AUC < NC	NS	+
		50; 100; and 200 mg/kg bw	Administered once at the time of the test	OGT test: AUC = PC	NS	+
(Rajamani et al., 2005Rajamani, S., Suganthi, R., Ravichandran, M. K., & Anuradha, C. V. (2005). Food seasoning spices mixture improves glucose metabolism and lipid profile in fructose-fed hyperinsulinemic rats. Journal of Medicinal Food, 8(4), 502-507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2005.8.502. PMid:16379562. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2005.8.502... )	Kernel and mace of M. fragrans in spices mixture	10; 30; 50 mg/kg bw	30 days	FBG < NC	-16.94	+
				FBG < N	-2.56	+
				HbA1c < NC	-48.86	+
				HbA1c = N	0.4	+
(Suganthi et al., 2005Suganthi, R., Rajamani, S., Ravichandran, M. K., & Anuradha, C. V. (2005). Preventive action of food seasoning spices mixture on fructose-induced lipid abnormalities. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 14(4), 420-427. PMid:16326650.)	Kernel and mace of M. fragrans in spices mixture	10; 30; 50 mg/kg bw	30 days	FBG < NC	NS	+
	Kernel and mace of M. fragrans in spices mixture	10; 30; 50 mg/kg bw	30 days	FBG = N	NS	+
(Nasreen et al., 2020Nasreen, W., Sarker, S., Sufian, M. A., Md Opo, F. A. D., Shahriar, M., Akhter, R., & Halim, M. A. (2020). A possible alternative therapy for type 2 diabetes using Myristica fragrans Houtt in combination with glimepiride: in vivo evaluation and in silico support. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C, 75(3-4), 103-112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2019-0134. PMid:32187019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2019-0134... )	Water extract of ripe seeds from M. fragrans	5 g/kg bw and 5 g/kg bw + glimepiride 1 mg/kg bw)	28 days	Non-FBG < PC	NS	+
	Water extract of ripe seeds from M. fragrans	1.5 mg/0.1 mL and 1.5 mg/0.1 mL + glimepiride (0.0004 mg/0.1 mL)	28 days	OGT test: AUC = PC	NS	+
(Vangoori et al., 2019Vangoori, Y., Dakshinamoorthi, A., & Kavimani, S. (2019). Effect of Myristica fragrans extract on lipid profile, glucose, body weight, food intake, liver and renal functions in experimental obese rats. Biomedical & Pharmacology Journal, 12(2), 669-676. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/1688. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/1688... )	Ethyl alcohol extract from mace of M. fragrans	200 and 400 mg/kg bw	10 weeks	Non-FBG < NC	-60.76	+
				Non-FBG > PC	26.27	0
				Non-FBG > N	25	0
				Non-FBG < I	-35.02	+
(Nagja et al., 2016Nagja, T., Kumar, V., & Sanjeev, A. (2016). Anti-diabetic activity of a polyherbal formulation in streptozotocin induced type 2 diabetic rats. Journal of Natural Remedies, 16(4), 148-152. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/jnr/2016/15323. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/jnr/2016/1532... )	Polyherbal extract (containing seed of M. fragrans)	400 mg/kg bw	7; 14; 21; and 28 days	Non-FBG < NC	-59.44	+
				Non-FBG > PC	6.14	0
				Non-FBG > N	28.52	0
				Non-FBG < I	-53.035	+
	Water-ethanol extract of seed from M. fragrans	200 mg/kg bw	Administered once at the time of the test	OGT test: AUC < NC	NS	+
	Water-ethanol extract of seed from M. fragrans	200 mg/kg bw	Administered once at the time of the test	OGT test: AUC = PC	NS	+
(Nguyen et al., 2010Nguyen, P. H., Le, T. V. T., Kang, H. W., Chae, J., Kim, S. K., Kwon, K. I., Seo, D. B., Lee, S. J., & Oh, W. K. (2010). AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activators from Myristica fragrans (nutmeg) and their anti-obesity effect. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 20(14), 4128-4131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.05.067. PMid:20541406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.05... )	Tetrahydrofuran lignans mixture from ethanol extract of M. fragrans	200 mg/kg bw	6 weeks	Non-FBG < NC	-14.44	+
(Han et al., 2008Han, K. L., Choi, J. S., Lee, J. Y., Song, J., Joe, M. K., Jung, M. H., & Hwang, J. K. (2008). Therapeutic potential of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor-α/γ dual agonist with alleviation of endoplasmic reticulum stress for the treatment of diabetes. Diabetes, 57(3), 737-745. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/db07-0972. PMid:18065517. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/db07-0972... )	Macelignan from M. fragrans Houtt	10 and 25 mg/kg bw	14 days	Non-FBG < NC	NS	+
				Non-FBG < PC	NS	+
				Non-FBG > N	NS	0
				OGT test: AUC < NC	NS	+
				OGT test: AUC < PC	NS	+
				OGT test: AUC > N	NS	0
(Peungvicha et al., 2018Peungvicha, P., Vallisuta, O., Mangmool, S., Sirithamwanich, T., & Sirithamwanich, R. (2018). Anti-hyperglycemic effect and subchronic toxicity of the combined extract from Sattagavata - Mathurameha - Tubpikarn anti-diabetic herbal formulae. Thaiphesatchasan, 42(1), 6-13.)	M. fragrans in herbal formulae/combined extract	0.5 and 1 g/kg	1 and 30 days	Non-FBG 2h-PPG < NC	-16.9	+
		0.5 and 1 g/kg	1 and 30 days	Non-FBG 2h-PPG < PC	-5	+
		0.5 and 1 g/kg	30 days	HbA1c < NC	-8.79	+
				HbA1c > N	151.51	0
				HbA1c < PC	-3.49	+
(Dayanand et al., 2019Dayanand, G. R., Sathiyarajeswaran, P., Patturayan, R., Ganesan, R., Kumar, G. V., Dhanaraj, K., & Rama, D. B. (2019). Evaluation of acute, sub acute toxicity and immunomodulatory activity of urai mathirai-siddha herbal formulation. Journal of Global Trends in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 10(3), 6372-6382.)	1 part of M. fragrans Houtt in herbal formulation	10; 50; and 100 mg/kg bw	28 days	Non-FBG > NC	23.65	-
(Arulmozhi et al., 2007Arulmozhi, D. K., Kurian, R., Veeranjaneyulu, A., & Bodhankar, S. L. (2007). Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects of Myristica fragrans in animal models. Pharmaceutical Biology, 45(1), 64-68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13880200601028339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13880200601028... )	Hydroalcoholic extract from rhizome of M. fragrans Houtt	50; 150; and 450 mg/kg bw	7 days	Non-FBG < NC	-41.71	+
				Non-FBG < PC (rosiglitazone)	-1.71	+
				Non-FBG < PC (glimepiride)	-25.71	+
				Non-FBG < PC (fenofibrate)	≥ -41.71	+
				Non-FBG = N	NS	+
(Chowdhury et al., 2017Chowdhury, M. A. R., Manirujjaman, & Haq, M. M. (2017). Phytochemical and pharmacological activity of myristica fragrans Houtt (Myristicaceae). International Journal of Toxicological and Pharmacological Research, 9(1), 17-19. http://dx.doi.org/10.25258/ijtpr.v9i01.9038. http://dx.doi.org/10.25258/ijtpr.v9i01.9... )	Methanol extract from seed and mace of M. fragrans Houtt	200 and 400 mg/kg bw	4 days	Non-FBG < NC	-44.78	+
	Methanol extract from seed and mace of M. fragrans Houtt	200 and 400 mg/kg bw	4 days	Non-FBG > PC	17.23	0
(Sailesh & Padmanabha, 2014Sailesh, K. S., & Padmanabha. (2014). A comparative study of the anti diabetic effect of oral administration of cinnamon. Nutmeg and Peppermint in Wistar Albino Rats, 4, 61-68.)	Dry extract diethyl ether of M. fragrans Houtt	NS	1; 2; and 3 weeks	Non-FBG < NC	-35.82	+
				Non-FBG > N	16.76	0
				Non-FBG < I	-50.64	+
(Othman et al., 2019Othman, M. A., Yuyama, K., Murai, Y., Igarashi, Y., Mikami, D., Sivasothy, Y., Awang, K., & Monde, K. (2019). Malabaricone C as natural sphingomyelin synthase inhibitor against diet-induced obesity and its lipid metabolism in mice. ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 10(8), 1154-1158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00171. PMid:31413799. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsmedchemlett... )	Malabaricone C from fruits of Myristica cinnamomea King	NS	8 weeks	OGT test: AUC < NC	NS	+
	Malabaricone C from fruits of Myristica cinnamomea King	NS	8 weeks	OGT test: AUC > N	NS	0
(Patil et al., 2011Patil, S. B., Ghadyale, V. A., Taklikar, S. S., Kulkarni, C. R., & Arvindekar, A. U. (2011). Insulin secretagogue, Alpha-glucosidase and antioxidant activity of some selected spices in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands), 66(1), 85-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11130-011-0215-7. PMid:21437656. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11130-011-021... )	Methanol extract from mace of M. fragrans	100 and 200 mg/kg bw	Administered once at the time of the test	OGT test: AUC < NC	NS	+
				OGT test: AUC > PC	NS	0
				OGT test: AUC > N	NS	0
	Methanol extract from mace of M. malabarica	100 and 200 mg/kg bw	Administered once at the time of the test	OGT test: AUC < NC	NS	+
				OGT test: AUC < PC	NS	+
				OGT test: AUC > N	NS	0

Part of nutmeg	Dosage (mg/kg bw)	Duration (day)	Glycemic parameter	Range of % Reduction ^* * Value of % reduction compared with negative control.	Average of % Reduction	References
Seed	27-500	2-30	FBG	3.90-94.52	39.31	(Kareem et al., 2009Kareem, M. A., Krushna, G. S., Hussain, S. A., & Devi, K. L. (2009). Effect of aqueous extract of nutmeg on hyperglycaemia, hyperlipidaemia and cardiac histology associated with isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 8(4), 337-344. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v8i4.45227. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v8i4.4522... ; Lestari et al., 2012Lestari, K., Hwang, J., Hartini Kariadi, S., Wijaya, A., Ahmad, T., Subarnas, A., Supriyatna, & Muchtaridi, M. (2012). Screening for PPAR γ agonist from Myristica fragrans Houtt seeds for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes by in vitro and in vivo. Medical and Health Science Journal, 12(3), 7-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15208/mhsj.2012.37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15208/mhsj.2012.37... , 2019Lestari, K., Diantini, A., Barliana, M. I., Achmad, T. H., Subarnas, A., Mutakin, Abdulah, R., Lesmana, R., & Hwang, J. K. (2019). Potential natural dual agonist PPARα/γ-induced antidiabetic and antidyslipidemic properties of safrole-free nutmeg seed (Myristica fragrans Houtt) extract. The Natural Products Journal, 9(3), 248-253. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2210315509666190206122849. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/22103155096661... ; Pashapoor et al., 2020Pashapoor, A., Mashhadyrafie, S., & Mortazavi, P. (2020). Ameliorative effect of Myristica fragrans (nutmeg) extract on oxidative status and histology of pancreas in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Folia Morphologica, 79(1), 113-119. PMid:31063201.)
Seed	400	7-28	Non-FBG	16.46-59.44	38.06	(Nagja et al., 2016Nagja, T., Kumar, V., & Sanjeev, A. (2016). Anti-diabetic activity of a polyherbal formulation in streptozotocin induced type 2 diabetic rats. Journal of Natural Remedies, 16(4), 148-152. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/jnr/2016/15323. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/jnr/2016/1532... )
Mace	200-400	70	Non-FBG	56.02-60.76	58.39	(Vangoori et al., 2019Vangoori, Y., Dakshinamoorthi, A., & Kavimani, S. (2019). Effect of Myristica fragrans extract on lipid profile, glucose, body weight, food intake, liver and renal functions in experimental obese rats. Biomedical & Pharmacology Journal, 12(2), 669-676. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/1688. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/1688... )
Kernel and mace	10-50	30	FBG	10.31-16.94	13.97	(Rajamani et al., 2005Rajamani, S., Suganthi, R., Ravichandran, M. K., & Anuradha, C. V. (2005). Food seasoning spices mixture improves glucose metabolism and lipid profile in fructose-fed hyperinsulinemic rats. Journal of Medicinal Food, 8(4), 502-507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2005.8.502. PMid:16379562. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2005.8.502... )
	200-400	4	Non-FBG	22.48-44.78	33.63	(Chowdhury et al., 2017Chowdhury, M. A. R., Manirujjaman, & Haq, M. M. (2017). Phytochemical and pharmacological activity of myristica fragrans Houtt (Myristicaceae). International Journal of Toxicological and Pharmacological Research, 9(1), 17-19. http://dx.doi.org/10.25258/ijtpr.v9i01.9038. http://dx.doi.org/10.25258/ijtpr.v9i01.9... )
	10-50	30	HbA1c	31.47-48.86	40.17	(Rajamani et al., 2005Rajamani, S., Suganthi, R., Ravichandran, M. K., & Anuradha, C. V. (2005). Food seasoning spices mixture improves glucose metabolism and lipid profile in fructose-fed hyperinsulinemic rats. Journal of Medicinal Food, 8(4), 502-507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2005.8.502. PMid:16379562. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2005.8.502... )
Rhizome	50-450	7	Non-FBG	29.03-41.71	35.37	(Arulmozhi et al., 2007Arulmozhi, D. K., Kurian, R., Veeranjaneyulu, A., & Bodhankar, S. L. (2007). Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects of Myristica fragrans in animal models. Pharmaceutical Biology, 45(1), 64-68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13880200601028339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13880200601028... )

Extraction solvent	Dosage (mg/kg bw)	Duration (day)	Glycemic parameter	Range of % Reduction ^* * Value of % reduction compared with negative control.	Average of % Reduction	References
Petroleum ether	50-200	14-21	FBG	7.90-55.57	36.18	(Pashapoor et al., 2020Pashapoor, A., Mashhadyrafie, S., & Mortazavi, P. (2020). Ameliorative effect of Myristica fragrans (nutmeg) extract on oxidative status and histology of pancreas in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Folia Morphologica, 79(1), 113-119. PMid:31063201.)
Water	100	30	FBG	3.9-8.8	6.35	(Kareem et al., 2009Kareem, M. A., Krushna, G. S., Hussain, S. A., & Devi, K. L. (2009). Effect of aqueous extract of nutmeg on hyperglycaemia, hyperlipidaemia and cardiac histology associated with isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 8(4), 337-344. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v8i4.45227. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v8i4.4522... )
Diethyl ether	NS	21	Non-FBG	24.70-35.82	28.80	(Sailesh & Padmanabha, 2014Sailesh, K. S., & Padmanabha. (2014). A comparative study of the anti diabetic effect of oral administration of cinnamon. Nutmeg and Peppermint in Wistar Albino Rats, 4, 61-68.)
Hydro-alcoholic	50-450	7	Non-FBG	29.03-41.71	35.37	(Arulmozhi et al., 2007Arulmozhi, D. K., Kurian, R., Veeranjaneyulu, A., & Bodhankar, S. L. (2007). Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects of Myristica fragrans in animal models. Pharmaceutical Biology, 45(1), 64-68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13880200601028339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13880200601028... )
Ethanolic	200-400	70	Non-FBG	56.02-60.76	58.39	(Vangoori et al., 2019Vangoori, Y., Dakshinamoorthi, A., & Kavimani, S. (2019). Effect of Myristica fragrans extract on lipid profile, glucose, body weight, food intake, liver and renal functions in experimental obese rats. Biomedical & Pharmacology Journal, 12(2), 669-676. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/1688. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/1688... )
Methanol	250-500	6	FBG	87.30-94.52	90.91	(Lestari et al., 2012Lestari, K., Hwang, J., Hartini Kariadi, S., Wijaya, A., Ahmad, T., Subarnas, A., Supriyatna, & Muchtaridi, M. (2012). Screening for PPAR γ agonist from Myristica fragrans Houtt seeds for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes by in vitro and in vivo. Medical and Health Science Journal, 12(3), 7-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15208/mhsj.2012.37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15208/mhsj.2012.37... )
Methanol	200-400	4	Non-FBG	22.48-44.78	33.63	(Chowdhury et al., 2017Chowdhury, M. A. R., Manirujjaman, & Haq, M. M. (2017). Phytochemical and pharmacological activity of myristica fragrans Houtt (Myristicaceae). International Journal of Toxicological and Pharmacological Research, 9(1), 17-19. http://dx.doi.org/10.25258/ijtpr.v9i01.9038. http://dx.doi.org/10.25258/ijtpr.v9i01.9... )

[1] *Corresponding author: andarwulan@apps.ipb.ac.id

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Effect of nutmeg on glycemic status in rat and mice: a systematic review

Abstract