Physicochemical parameters, multi-elemental composition and antiradical activity of multifloral honeys from <i>Apis cerana cerana</i> in Hainan province, China

WU, Jiao; ZHAO, Shan; CHEN, Xin; JIU, Yuanda; LIU, Junfeng; GAO, Jinglin; WANG, Shijie

doi:10.1590/fst.22522

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Original Article • Food Sci. Technol 42 • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/fst.22522 copy

Physicochemical parameters, multi-elemental composition and antiradical activity of multifloral honeys from Apis cerana cerana in Hainan province, China

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Abstract

A summarized physicochemical profile of nine multifloral honeys produced by Apis cerana cerana Fabricius in Qiongzhong region located in Hainan province was exhibited, regarding pH (3.72-4.02), moisture (19.20-22.53%), fructose (34.40-38.70 g 100 g^-1), glucose (31.60-35.05 g 100 g^-1), sucrose (less than 3%), color (31.00-80.00 mm Pfund), ash content (0.17-0.45 g 100 g^-1), soluble solid (75.87-79.10 ^◦Brix), and electrical conductivity (343.67-678.33 μS cm^-1). Potassium showed the highest concentration, followed by calcium. Manganese, boron, iron, aluminium, and zinc were the main micro-elements while cadmium and hydrargyrum were not detected in all honey samples. The antiradical activity was shown to be significantly negative correlated with total phenolic content (TPC) (r² = −0.756) and total flavonoid content (TFC) (r² = −0.477). Among all tested honey samples, sample A exhibited the highest levels of TPC (45.46 mg GAE 100 g^-1), TFC (10.02 mg RE 100 g^-1), and antiradical activity (DPPH IC₅₀ = 2.63 mg mL^-1). Our results will be useful in determining to set the standard for A. cerana cerana honey.

Keywords:
Apis cerana cerana; multifloral honey; physicochemical parameters; element analysis; antiradical activity

Sample	pH	Moisture (%)	Fructose (g 100 g^-1)	Glucose (g 100 g^-1)	Sucrose (g 100 g^-1)	Color (mm Pfund)	Ash content (g 100 g^-1)	Soluble solid (°Brix)	Electrical conductivity (μS cm^-1)
A	3.81 ± 0.05^ab	19.20 ± 0.00^a	36.20 ± 0.14^a	34.10 ± 0.00^a	1.75 ± 0.07^a	80.00 ± 0.00^a	0.24 ± 0.00^A	79.10 ± 0.00^a	487.33 ± 4.51^A
B	3.79 ± 0.04^ab	22.10 ± 0.00^ab	35.20 ± 0.28^a	33.60 ± 0.28^a	2.40 ± 0.14^a	36.67 ± 0.58^ab	0.21 ± 0.00^A	76.40 ± 0.00^ab	467.00 ± 2.65^B
C	3.83 ± 0.01^ab	19.80 ± 0.00^ab	34.40 ± 0.14^a	33.90 ± 0.14^a	1.25 ± 0.07^a	45.00 ± 0.00^ab	0.45 ± 0.02^B	78.50 ± 0.00^ab	678.33 ± 5.69^C
D	3.98 ± 0.02^ab	20.80 ± 0.00^ab	36.65 ± 0.21^a	34.70 ± 0.42^a	-	52.00 ± 0.00^ab	0.22 ± 0.01^A	77.60 ± 0.00^ab	445.00 ± 3.00^D
E	3.85 ± 0.01^ab	20.00 ± 0.00^ab	36.60 ± 0.28^a	34.45 ± 0.64^a	1.70 ± 0.00^a	33.33 ± 0.58^ab	0.34 ± 0.00^C	78.30 ± 0.00^ab	632.00 ± 4.36^E
F	4.00 ± 0.02^b	19.40 ± 0.00^ab	38.70 ± 0.28^a	31.60 ± 0.57^a	-	68.67 ± 0.58^a	0.38 ± 0.02^C	78.90 ± 0.00^ab	591.33 ± 0.58^F
G	4.02 ± 0.01^b	22.53 ± 0.12^b	37.70 ± 0.00^a	35.05 ± 0.64^a	-	39.00 ± 0.00^ab	0.35 ± 0.03^C	75.87 ± 0.06^b	630.00 ± 3.00^E
H	3.85 ± 0.01^ab	22.30 ± 0.00^b	37.55 ± 0.07^a	34.05 ± 0.35^a	-	34.00 ± 0.00^ab	0.37 ± 0.01^C	76.20 ± 0.00^b	671.33 ± 11.24^C
I	3.72 ± 0.03^a	20.80 ± 0.00^ab	35.90 ± 0.57^a	34.05 ± 0.35^a	2.70 ± 0.00^a	31.00 ± 0.00^b	0.17 ± 0.01^D	77.60 ± 0.00^ab	343.67 ± 1.15^G
Mean	3.87 ± 0.10	20.77 ± 1.23	36.54 ± 1.30	33.94 ± 1.00	1.96 ± 0.55	46.63 ± 16.53	0.30 ± 0.09	77.61 ± 1.16	549.56 ± 112.96

Sample	K	Ca	Na	Mg	P	Total
A	791.00 ± 6.24^A	178.67 ± 3.79^A	25.53 ± 1.04^A	65.00 ± 0.40^Aab	47.47 ± 1.07^ABa	1,107.67 ± 6.26^Aa
B	738.67 ± 1.15^B	132.67 ± 1.15^B	13.30 ± 0.20^B	38.33 ± 1.89^Bc	44.33 ± 1.46^ACb	967.30 ± 1.81^Bb
C	1,315.67 ± 10.07^C	170.33 ± 5.13^A	16.03 ± 0.84^CD	62.60 ± 2.25^Aa	41.07 ± 0.42^CDc	1,605.70 ± 10.90^Cc
D	658.67 ± 9.07^D	228.00 ± 2.00^C	18.73 ± 0.60^E	83.60 ± 2.62^Cd	39.70 ± 1.67^Dcd	1,028.70 ± 12.09^Bd
E	1,140.67 ± 20.03^E	223.67 ± 4.62^C	17.73 ± 0.31^DE	67.50 ± 2.07^Aab	37.30 ± 0.79^DEde	1,486.87 ± 16.75^De
F	1,228.00 ± 24.58^F	194.33 ± 1.15^D	41.00 ± 1.18^F	62.83 ± 1.53^Aab	56.33 ± 0.87^Ff	1,582.50 ± 28.69^Cc
G	1,188.33 ± 37.54^EF	202.67 ± 2.08^D	37.10 ± 0.80^G	86.63 ± 2.76^Cd	72.93 ± 1.01^Gg	1,587.67 ± 41.15^Cc
H	1,215.00 ± 23.64^F	199.67 ± 2.52^D	21.37 ± 0.29^H	68.50 ± 2.51^Ab	50.83 ± 0.67^Bh	1,555.37 ± 26.47^CDc
I	565.00 ± 10.82^G	103.07 ± 4.24^E	15.10 ± 0.17^BC	22.73 ± 1.02^De	35.53 ± 1.15^Ee	741.43 ± 14.78^Ef
Mean	982.33 ± 278.09	181.45 ± 39.64	22.88 ± 9.52	61.97 ± 19.46	47.28 ± 11.28

Element	Honey sample
Element	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	Mean
Cr	0.13 ± 0.01^ab	0.05 ± 0.00^a	0.07 ± 0.00^ab	0.09 ± 0.00^ab	0.06 ± 0.00^ab	0.24 ± 0.01^b	0.07 ± 0.00^ab	0.05 ± 0.00^a	0.06 ± 0.00^ab	0.09 ± 0.06
V	0.01 ± 0.00^Aa	0.01 ± 0.00^Bb	0.01 ± 0.00^BCbc	0.01 ± 0.00^Ccd	0.01 ± 0.00^Bb	0.01 ± 0.00^BCcd	0.01 ± 0.00^Cd	0.01 ± 0.00^Bb	0.02 ± 0.00^Aa	0.01 ± 0.00
Al	2.44 ± 0.10^Aa	1.37 ± 0.05^Bb	1.68 ± 0.02^DEc	1.54 ± 0.03^CDd	1.47 ± 0.03^BCbd	2.36 ± 0.08^Aa	1.80 ± 0.02^Ec	1.15 ± 0.04^Fe	3.50 ± 0.14^Gf	1.92 ± 0.70
B	4.20 ± 0.16^A	4.22 ± 0.10^A	3.74 ± 0.14^B	7.22 ± 0.04^C	3.17 ± 0.19^D	4.99 ± 0.10^E	4.02 ± 0.08^AB	4.00 ± 0.04^AB	3.12 ± 0.14^D	4.30 ± 1.19
Zn	0.84 ± 0.01^A	0.64 ± 0.00^B	1.64 ± 0.02^C	1.30 ± 0.03^D	0.89 ± 0.02^A	1.01 ± 0.02^E	1.06 ± 0.06^E	1.32 ± 0.03^D	0.31 ± 0.01^F	1.00 ± 0.38
Cu	0.25 ± 0.01^Aa	0.13 ± 0.00^Bb	0.19 ± 0.00^Cd	0.23 ± 0.01^ADa	0.06 ± 0.00^Ec	0.20 ± 0.01^DCd	0.41 ± 0.01^Fe	0.15 ± 0.00^Bf	0.10 ± 0.01^Gg	0.19 ± 0.10
Ni	0.06 ± 0.00^ab	0.02 ± 0.00^ab	0.03 ± 0.00^ab	0.02 ± 0.00^ab	0.02 ± 0.00^b	0.04 ± 0.00^b	0.07 ± 0.00^a	0.02 ± 0.00^ab	0.02 ± 0.00^b	0.33 ± 0.02
Co	0.01 ± 0.00^Aa	0.03 ± 0.00^Bb	0.02 ± 0.00^Cc	0.01 ± 0.00^Ad	0.01 ± 0.00^De	0.03 ± 0.00^Ef	0.02 ± 0.00^Fg	0.04 ± 0.00^Gh	0.04 ± 0.00^Hi	0.02 ± 0.01
Fe	2.67 ± 0.09^Aa	1.17 ± 0.03^Bb	2.70 ± 0.03^Aa	2.96 ± 0.05^Aa	2.26 ± 0.18^Cc	4.10 ± 0.10^Dd	2.66 ± 0.19^Aa	1.92 ± 0.15^DEe	1.64 ± 0.03^Ee	2.45 ± 0.82
Mn	4.52 ± 0.06^A	2.50 ± 0.05^B	5.40 ± 0.10^C	6.98 ± 0.18^D	5.35 ± 0.10^C	5.93 ± 0.06^E	3.83 ± 0.12^F	5.36 ± 0.12^C	3.38 ± 0.06^G	4.81 ± 1.33
Pb	0.05 ± 0.00^Aa	0.02 ± 0.00^Bbc	0.02 ± 0.00^Bb	0.09 ± 0.00^Cd	0.02 ± 0.00^Bbc	0.02 ± 0.00^Bc	0.02 ± 0.00^Bbc	0.02 ± 0.00^Bbc	0.02 ± 0.00^Bbc	0.03 ± 0.02
Ba	0.50 ± 0.01^A	0.40 ± 0.02^B	0.80 ± 0.00^C	0.29 ± 0.02^D	0.28 ± 0.01^D	0.26 ± 0.02^DE	0.25 ± 0.01^DE	0.57 ± 0.00^F	0.23 ± 0.01^E	0.40 ± 0.18
Cd	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Mo	0.01 ± 0.00^ABab	0.01 ± 0.00^ABac	0.01 ± 0.00^ABac	0.01 ± 0.00^Ab	0.01 ± 0.00^ABac	0.01 ± 0.00^Bc	0.02 ± 0.00^Cd	0.00 ± 0.00^De	0.00 ± 0.00^De	0.01 ± 0.00
As	0.01 ± 0.00^ab	0.01 ± 0.00^ab	0.01 ± 0.00^a	0.01 ± 0.00^ab	0.01 ± 0.00^ab	0.01 ± 0.00^ab	0.01 ± 0.00^ab	0.00 ± 0.00^b	0.01 ± 0.00^ab	0.01 ± 0.00
Hg	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Total	15.73 ± 0.42^A	10.57 ± 0.20^B	16.32 ± 0.18^A	20.77 ± 0.17^C	13.61 ± 0.22^D	19.21 ± 0.24^E	14.26 ± 0.41^DF	14.62 ± 0.21^F	12.46 ± 0.22^G

Parameter	Honey samples
Parameter	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	Mean
TPC (mg GAE 100 g^-1)	45.46 ± 0.37^a	31.35 ± 0.17^ab	25.80 ± 0.50^ab	30.53 ± 0.32^ab	19.21 ± 1.05^b	32.92 ± 0.35^ab	22.74 ± 0.39^ab	21.94 ± 0.15^ab	18.85 ± 0.05^b	27.64 ± 8.16
TFC (mg RE 100 g^-1)	10.02 ± 0.25^ab	3.38 ± 0.02^c	6.23 ± 0.47^abcd	6.87 ± 0.10^ac	4.01 ± 0.10^abcd	8.66 ± 0.53d	6.11 ± 0.42^abcd	3.84 ± 0.13^abcd	5.06 ± 0.20^abcd	6.02 ± 2.18
DPPH (IC₅₀ mg mL^-1)	2.63 ± 0.17^Aa	4.06 ± 0.78^ABab	4.50 ± 0.50^BCbc	4.53 ± 0.40^BCbc	7.27 ± 0.75^CDde	4.87 ± 1.05^BCbcd	6.02 ± 1.46^BCbcd	6.76 ± 0.22^BCDcd	11.10 ± 2.12^De	5.75 ± 2.51

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[1] *Corresponding author: wang_yujie@yeah.net; jinglin.g@163.com