What are the problems of the red meat processing industry?: A case study from Turkey

TOSUN, Duygu; DEMİRBAŞ, Nevin

doi:10.1590/fst.27220

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Original Article • Food Sci. Technol (Campinas) 41 (suppl 2) • 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/fst.27220 copy

What are the problems of the red meat processing industry?: A case study from Turkey

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The red meat processing industry has an important place in the food industry in Turkey. However, there are significant problems that limit the contribution of the industry to the red meat sector, particularly with regard to the livestock enterprises which are the source of raw materials. The aim of this paper is to identify the problems of the red meat processing industry, and to suggest solutions to these problems, through a case study of Izmir and Afyonkarahisar provinces, which together provide a useful representation of the structural characteristics typically found in the red meat sector in Turkey. In this study, a total of 71 face-to-face surveys were conducted with the managers of slaughterhouses (19), meat combines (13) and meat and meat product processing plants (39). The current situation of the enterprises and their problems were examined, particularly with regard to raw material supply, production and marketing. High and unstable prices of raw materials, combined with high costs, are the major problems. In order to resolve the problems in the industry, horizontal and vertical integration needs to be improved throughout the entire supply chain, starting from livestock farming through to the point where the end product reaches the final consumer.

Keywords:
red meat; red meat products; slaughterhouse; processing plant; Turkey

	Number of Slaughterhouses	Installed capacity (head/day)	Production (carcass/year)	Production (tonnes/year)
Bovine animals	577	173 753	2 193 987	568 810
Sheep and goats	523	215 111	3 329 527	72 301

Red Meat and Meat Products	Number of Enterprises	Installed capacity (tonnes/year) (1)	Production (tonnes) (2)	Capacity Utilization Rate (%) (2/1)
Raw red meat	502	3 780 358.53	2 051 914.65	54.28
Meatball	313	118 244.90	88 961.90	75.24
Doner¹ 1 Traditional meat production made of beef, lamb or veal and seasoned with spices;	116	40 652.85	17 697.25	43.53
Sauced, cured, marinated and flavored meat piece	38	5 189.00	2 560.00	49.34
Burger	41	10 800.34	3 693.96	34.20
Fermented sausage	183	171 209.97	29 502.88	17.23
Heat treated fermented sausage - like product	350	91 065.22	41 877.19	45.99
Sausage	121	58 395.79	13 528.14	23.17
Salami	133	56 467.63	15 595.84	27.62
Jambon	62	7 017.13	1 745.66	24.88
Roasting	130	86 885.93	40 003.10	46.04
Pastrami	122	14 848.10	3 323.99	22.39
Smoked Meat	27	1 345.00	223.58	16.62
Coated meat and meat products	4	4 772.00	4 673.88	97.94
Dried meat	3	73.00	3.80	5.21
Kokorec² 2 Product made of sheep or lamb intestine. Source: Turkey (2012).	15	5 792.00	3 361.00	58.03
Jelly tripe	10	1 114.00	361.00	32.41
Others	77	38 774.97	18 300.49	47.20
Mechanically separated red meat	5	1 902.00	1 599.00	84.07

Characteristics of managers	Slaughterhouses	Meat combines	Meat and meat product processing plants	Average
Age (year)	42.84	42.00	44.64	43.68
Education (year)^* * Kruskal Wallis test was significant for p < 0.05.	15.37	14.23	12.85	13.77
Occupational experience (year)	14.84	17.23	18.82	17.46
Time in the enterprise (year)	10.44	15.00	13.01	12.72

Problems related to livestock enterprises	Slaughterhouses	Meat combines	Meat and meat product processing plants	Average^* * 1 Strongly disagree and 5 Strongly agree.
Feed prices are high	4.89	4.92	4.58	4.73
There is not enough rangeland	3.95	4.15	4.27	4.16
Agricultural organization in beef cattle farming is insufficient	3.89	3.85	4.32	4.12
It's difficult to find fattening material	3.37	4.08	4.05	3.87
Extension services are inadequate	3.63	3.62	4.08	3.87
The number of beef cattle enterprises is small	3.74	4.23	3.66	3.79
Control of animal movements is inadequate (illegal animal entry)	2.84	3.77	3.84	3.55
The subsidy given to beef cattle farming is not sufficient	3.79	3.08	3.38	3.43
Barns are not suitable for beef cattle	3.47	3.92	3.16	3.39
Cattle cannot be fed with quality feed	3.42	3.08	3.41	3.35
The farming of beef and dairy cattle together negatively affects production	3.63	2.54	3.45	3.33
Animal diseases negatively affect production.	2.53	3.38	3.59	3.26
There is a problem in supplying quality feed	3.42	3.08	3.16	3.21
The state's control measures for animal diseases are insufficient	2.67	2.77	3.59	3.19
Livestock loans are insufficient	2.83	3.38	3.08	3.07
The small scale of beef cattle enterprises negatively affects production	3.00	3.38	2.50	2.80

Problems related to raw material	Slaughterhouses	Meat combines	Meat and meat product processing plants	Average^* * 1 Strongly disagree and 5 Strongly agree;
Carcass meat prices are unstable^* ***** Kruskal Wallis test was significant for p < 0.1.	4.53	5.00	4.82	4.82
Carcass meat prices are high^ Kruskal Wallis test was significant for p < 0.05;	3.89	5.00	4.46	4.46
Meat price is not determined according to the quality	4.26	4.46	3.90	3.90
Carcass grading is not carried out	4.26	3.77	3.89	3.89
The amount of carcass meat is insufficient***	3.41	4.15	3.23	3.23
Carcass meat marketing organization is inadequate	2.84	3.54	3.10	3.10
Technological conditions in the slaughterhouses do not meet the desired levels	3.00	2.54	2.83	2.83
The carcass meat yield of animals is low	2.26	3.08	2.72	2.72
Carcass meat quality is inadequate***	1.95	3.15	2.68	2.68
Animals to be slaughtered are brought to the slaughterhouses under inappropriate conditions	2.42	2.00	2.46	2.46
Cold chain is insufficient in carcass meat production and distribution	2.21	1.31	2.06	2.06

Problems related to production	Slaughterhouses	Meat combines	Meat and meat product processing plants	Average^* * 1 Strongly disagree and 5 Strongly agree;
Financing costs are high	4.67	4.69	4.62	4.65
Energy costs are high	4.42	4.69	4.54	4.54
Lack of qualified staff	3.95	4.46	4.64	4.42
Tax rates are high	4.06	4.08	4.38	4.24
There is unregistered production in the sector	3.47	4.31	4.13	3.99
Labor costs are high	3.53	4.08	4.10	3.94
Business and investment loans are insufficient	3.94	3.23	3.87	3.76
The capacity utilization rate is low^ Kruskal Wallis test was significant for p < 0.05.	2.58	3.54	3.97	3.52
Incentives related to production are insufficient	3.65	3.15	3.39	3.41
There are many bureaucratic obstacles	3.37	3.38	3.08	3.21
The infrastructure is inadequate	2.50	1.54	1.82	1.94
The location of the enterprise is not suitable for production	1.95	1.54	1.62	1.69

Problems related to marketing	Slaughterhouses	Meat combines	Meat and meat product processing plants	Average^* * 1 Strongly disagree and 5 Strongly agree;
Logistics costs are high	4.00	4.00	4.13	4.07
Counterfeiting and adulteration in meat products^ Kruskal Wallis test was significant for p < 0.05.	3.53	4.62	3.85	3.91
Insufficient levels of demand for final goods	3.19	3.15	2.92	3.03
Incentives related to marketing are insufficient	3.20	2.62	3.08	3.02
Demand for intermediate goods is inadequate	2.65	3.15	2.90	2.88
There is a lack of information about the market	3.53	2.62	2.66	2.87
Red meat has a promotion problem	2.88	2.23	2.56	2.58
The number of vehicles equipped for safe meat transportation is insufficient	2.00	1.77	1.64	1.75
Product variety is insufficient in the red meat industry	1.94	1.15	1.51	1.55

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[1] *Corresponding author: duygu.tosun@ege.edu.tr, duygutosun@gmail.com