Microbiological, chemical, fatty acid and antioxidant characteristics of goat milk kefir enriched with <i>Moringa oleifera</i> leaf powder during storage

WULANSARI, Putri Dian; Nurliyani,; ENDAH, Srie Rezeki Nur; NOFRIYALDI, Ali; HARMAYANI, Eni

doi:10.1590/fst.71621

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Food Science and Technology

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Original Article • Food Sci. Technol 42 • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/fst.71621 copy

Microbiological, chemical, fatty acid and antioxidant characteristics of goat milk kefir enriched with Moringa oleifera leaf powder during storage

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Fortification of compounds that contain functional components can improve product quality without affecting the product characteristics in the storage. This study evaluated the effect of supplementing Moringa leaf powder (0; 0.5; 1.0; 1.5; 2.0% w/w) and different storage periods (0, 7, and 14 days) on the quality of goat milk kefir. The observed parameters were microbiological characteristics (total lactic acid bacteria (LAB), total plate count or TPC, total yeast) chemical characteristics (total solids, acidity, pH, alcohol level, free fatty acid (FFA)), fatty acid profiles, and antioxidant properties (total phenol and DPPH). The result showed that Moringa leaf powder supplemented into kefir increased acidity, total phenol, and DPPH and decreased the alcohol level. Storage time decreased TPC, total yeast, and total solids but increased alcohol, total phenol, and DPPH. We also identified 31 fatty acids. Supplementing 2% Moringa leaf powder combined with 14-day storage can produce ± twice as much total phenol and DPPH as those in the control group and does not negatively affect the quality of the kefir product.

Keywords:
antioxidant; LAB; functional food; TPC; yeast

Parameter	Storage (days)	Level of supplementation of Moringa oleifera leaf powder (%)					Mean
Parameter	Storage (days)	0	0.5	1.0	1.5	2.0	Mean
LAB (log CFU)	0	6.39 ± 0.48	6.55 ± 0.47	6.68 ± 0.62	6.16 ± 0.11	6.02 ± 0.46	6.36 ± 0.43 ^p
	7	5.96 ± 0.19	6.10 ± 0.14	6.51 ± 0.54	6.07 ± 0.06	6.01 ± 0.56	6.13 ± 0.30 ^p
	14	6.04 ± 0.90	6.06 ± 0.09	6.03 ± 0.10	5.97 ± 0.17	5.95 ± 0.18	6.01 ± 0.14 ^q
	Mean	6.133 ± 0.32ab	6.24 ± 0.35 ^ab	6.41 ± 0.51 ^b	6.07 ± 0.13 ^a	5.99 ± 0.10 ^a	6.17 ± 0.34
TPC (log CFU)	0	8.04 ± 0.07	7.86 ± 0.12	7.97 ± 0.31	7.74 ± 0.45	7.28 ± 0.66	7.78 ± 0.43 ^p
	7	8.20 ± 0.09	8.08 ± 0.1	8.16 ± 0.13	8.29 ± 0.48	8.33 ± 0.46	8.21 ± 0.27 ^pq
	14	7.93 ± 1.73	7.34 ± 0.61	7.9 ± 0.98	7.3 ± 1.54	7.29 ± 1.12	7.55 ± 1.11 ^q
	Mean	8.05 ± 0.87	7.76 ± 0.45	8.01 ± 0.53	7.78 ± 0.94	7.63 ± 0.86	7.85 ± 0.74
Yeast (log CFU)	0	5.85 ± 0.28	6.54 ± 0.59	6.42 ± 0.79	5.91 ± 1.35	5.92 ± 0.20	6.13 ± 0.5 ^p
	7	4.94 ± 0.25	5.42 ± 0.69	5.52 ± 0.55	5.54 ± 0.44	5.27 ± 0.42	5.34 ± 0.47 ^q
	14	5.29 ± 0.6	5.59 ± 0.58	5.25 ± 0.51	5.62 ± 0.45	5.29 ± 0.43	5.41 ± 0.47 ^q
	Mean	5.36 ± 0.53	5.85 ± 0.75	5.73 ± 0.76	5.69 ± 0.36	5.49 ± 0.45	5.62 ± 0.59

Parameter	Storage (days)	Level of supplementation of Moringa oleifera leaf powder (%)					Mean
Parameter	Storage (days)	0	0.5	1.0	1.5	2.0	Mean
Total Solids (%)	0	18.55 ± 2.51	17.64 ± 0.89	18.46 ± 2.32	17.39 ± 1.77	18.77 ± 0.925	18.16 ± 1.63^p
	7	17.03 ± 1.57	17.10 ± 0.56	17.3 ± 1.04	17.25 ± 1.10	18.41 ± 0.522	17.42 ± 1.02^pq
	14	16.13 ± 1.24	16.65 ± 1.59	15.84 ± 0.98	16.36 ± 0.64	18.07 ± 0.87	16.61 ± 1.23^q
	Mean	17.23 ± 1.924	17.13 ± 1.04	17.20 ± 1.77	17.00 ± 1.19	18.41 ± 0.73	17.39 ± 1.44
Acidity (%)	0	0.71 ± 0.61	0.84 ± 0.07	1.02 ± 0.02	0.89 ± 0.13	1.11 ± 0.02	0.91 ± 0.15
	7	0.95 ±0.13	0.97 ± 0.24	1.12 ± 0.28	1.09 ± 0.13	1.27 ± 0.37	1.08 ± 0.26
	14	0.97 ± 0.24	0.92 ± 0.36	1.06 ± 0.28	1.08 ± 0.34	1.25 ± 0.34	1.05 ± 0.29
	Mean	0.87 ± 0.19 ^b	0.91 ± 0.22 ^b	1.06 ± 0.21 ^ab	1.02 ± 0.25 ^ab	1.21 ± 0.26 ^a	1.01 ± 0.25
pH	0	5.54 ± 0.23	5.37 ± 5.02	5.19 ± 0.64	5.3 ± 0.17	5.07 ± 0.17	5.29 ± 0.23
	7	5.11 ± 0.38	5.02 ± 0.48	5.02 ± 0.49	5.1 ± 0.47	4.87 ± 0.54	5.02 ± 0.41
	14	5.04 ± 0.52	5 ± 0.68	4.92 ± 0.63	5.06 ± 0.59	4.75 ± 0.66	4.95 ± 0.53
	Mean	5.23 ± 0.41	5.13 ± 0.47	5.04 ± 0.41	5.15 ± 0.4	4.9 ± 0.45	5.09 ± 0.43
Alcohol level (% wb)	0	0.07 ± 0	0.07 ± 0	0.07 ± 0	0.06 ± 0	0.073 ± 0.03	0.07 ± 0.01 ^p
	7	0.17 ± 0.01	0.15 ± 0.01	0.14 ± 0.01	0.1 ±0.01	0.11 ± 0.01	0.14 ± 0.03 ^q
	14	0.41 ± 0.04	0.32 ± 0.02	0.22 ± 0.02	0.13 ± 0.03	0.13 ± 0.05	0.24 ± 0.11 ^r
	Mean	0.21 ± 0.15 ^d	0.18 ± 0.11 ^c	0.14 ±0.06 ^b	0.09 ± 0.03 ^a	0.1 ± 0.04 ^a	0.15 ± 0.09
FFA (% wb)	0	0.43 ± 0.01	0.34 ± 0.04	0.26 ± 0.02	0.11 ± 0.01	0.19 ± 0.12	0.26 ± 0.12 p
	7	0.45 ± 0.01	0.38 ± 0.02	0.31 ± 0.47	0.27 ± 0.02	0.25 ± 0.03	0.33 ± 0.08 ^q
	14	0.6 ± 0.03	0.47 ± 0.04	0.86 ± 0.02	0.34 ±0.02	0.46 ± 0.18	0.44 ± 0.12 ^r
	Mean	0.49 ± 0.81 a	0.39 ± 0.07 ^b	0.31 ± 0.05 ^c	0.24 ± 0.1 ^d	0.3 ± 0.16 ^c	0.34 ± 0.13

Components	Storage period	Level of supplementation of Moringa oleifera leaf powder (%)
Components	Storage period	0	0.5	1.0	1.5	2.0	Mean
Saturated Fatty Acid (SFA)
Butirat Acid (C4:0)	1	0.75 ± 0.11	0.75 ± 0.26	1,01 ± 0.28	1.26 ± 0.78	1.03 ± 0.25	0.99 ± 0.38^q
	7	1.42 ± 0.49	1.42 ± 0.85	2.02 ± 0.23	1.58 ± 0.02	1.54 ± 0.15	1.66 ± 0.44^p
	14	1.57 ± 0.83	1.57 ± 0.83	1.13 ± 0.36	0.98 ± 0.59	1.08 ± 0.05	1.13 ± 0.48^q
	Mean	1.18 ± 0.51	1.24 ± 0.72	1.39 ± 0.55	1.27 ± 0.55	1.21 ± 0.28	1.26 ± 0.52
Caproic Acid (C6:0)	1	0.91 ± 0.11	0.75 ± 0.90	1.01 ± 0.28	1.26 ± 0.78	1.03 ± 0.26	1.98 ± 0.46^q
	7	1.75 ± 0.5	1.42 ± 0.90	2.03 ± 0.23	1.58 ± 0.02	1.54 ± 0.15	3.33 ± 0.36^p
	14	0.90 ± 0.22	1.58 ± 0.76	1.13 ± 0.33	0.98 ± 0.60	1.08 ± 0.05	2.57 ± 0.39^q
	Mean	1.19 ± 0.51	1.25 ± 0.72	1.39 ± 0.54	1.27 ± 0.56	1.22 ± 0.29	2.63 ± 0.97
Caprilic Acid (C8:0)	1	3.3 ± 0.66	3.15 ± 0.8	2.77 ± 0.5	3.84 ± 0.91	3.23 ± 0.85	3.26 ± 0.71^q
	7	4.2 ± 0.76	4.75 ±0.31	4.73 ± 0.22	4.16 ± 0.72	4.25 ± 0.58	4.42 ± 0.55^p
	14	3.37 ± 0.36	4.34 ± 2.06	3.2 ± 0.38	3.12 ± 0.26	3.39 ± 0.19	3.48 ± 0.93^q
	Mean	3.62 ± 0.69	4.08 ± 1.32	3.56 ± 0.92	3.71 ± 0.74	3.62 ± 0.71	3.72 ± 0.88
Capric Acid (C10:0)	1	6.19 ± 5.64	5.11 ± 4.42	5.21 ± 4.51	6.91 ± 6.55	5.14 ± 4.46	5.71 ± 4.45^q
	7	11.99 ± 2.34	13.48 ± 0.38	13.56 ± 0.46	12.33 ± 1.49	12.61 ± 1.48	12.8 ± 1.37^p
	14	5.82 ± 5.07	5.95 ± 5.18	10.32 ± 2.05	9.05 ± 1.31	9.47 ± 0.56	8.12 ± 3.48^q
	Mean	8 ± 4.98	8.17 ± 5.25	9.69 ± 4.42	9.43 ± 4.16	9.08 ± 4.01	8.87 ± 4.43
Undecanoic Acid (C11:0)	1	0.9 ± 0.15	0.12 ± 0.21	0.08 ± 0.13	0.14 ± 0.24	0.24 ± 0.42	0.13 ± 0.22^q
	7	0.4 ± 0.07	0.04 ± 0.69	0.04 ± 0.69	0 ± 0	0 ± 0	0.02 ± 0.05^q
	14	0.28 ± 0.2	0.42 ± 0.16	0.42 ± 0.16	0.34 ± 0.72	0.44 ± 0.14	0.35 ± 0.11^p
	Mean	0.13 ± 0.14	0.19 ± 0.22	0.19 ± 0.22	0.16 ± 0.19	0.23 ± 0.29	0.17 ± 0.2
Lauric Acid (C12:0)	1	2.39 ± 2.17	1.97 ± 1.71	2.03 ± 1.76	2.71 ± 2.49	2.1 ± 1.64	2.24 ± 1.69^q
	7	4.59 ± 0,91	5.04 ± 0.16	5.18 ± 0.14	4.76 ± 0.39	3.18 ± 2.65	4.55 ± 1.31^p
	14	2.19 ± 1.91	2.37 ± 2.06	2.48 ± 2.21	1.41 ± 2.36	1.22 ± 1.97	1.93 ± 1.86^q
	Mean	3.06 ± 1.91	3.13 ± 1.97	3.23 ± 2.04	2.96 ± 2.26	2.17 ± 2.04	2.91 ± 1.99
Tridecanoic Acid (C13:0)	1	0.86 ± 0.08	0.07 ± 0.06	0.4 ± 0.06	0.05 ± 0.8	0 ± 0	0.04 ± 0.06
	7	0.04 ± 0.06	0.03 ± 0.06	0.03 ± 0.05	0 ± 0	0.09 ± 0.08	0.04 ± 0.06
	14	0 ± 0	0.07 ± 0.13	0 ± 0	0.09 ± 0.08	0.04 ± 0.07	0.04 ± 0.07
	Mean	0.41 ± 0.06	0.06 ± 0.08	0.02 ± 0.05	0.02 ± 0.05	0.04 ± 0.06	0.04 ± 0.06
Myristic Acid (C14:0)	1	5.76 ± 5.11	4.92 ± 4.26	4.65 ± 3.93	6.11 ± 5.69	4.68 ± 3.93	5.23 ± 3.97^p
	7	0 ± 0	0 ± 0	0 ± 0	0 ± 0	0 ± 0	0 ± 0^q
	14	2.27 ± 3.84	0.13 ± 0.14	0.08 ± 0.07	0.08 ± 0.08	2.47 ± 4.17	1.01 ± 2.43^q
	Mean	2.67 ±4.06	1.68 ± 3.23	1.58 ± 3.03	2.06 ± 4.16	2.38 ± 3.51	2.07 ± 3.48
Pentadecanoic Acid (C15:0)	1	0.7 ± 0.19	0.62 ± 0.09	0.43 ± 0.37	0.53 ± 0.47	0.6 ± 0.05	0.57 ± 0.26^q
	7	0.87 ± 0.22	0.96 ± 0.01	0.94 ± 0.02	0.97 ± 0.05	±1.02 0.04	0.95 ± 0.1^p
	14	0.24 ± 0.06	0.29 ± 0.09	0.32 ± 0.07	0.33 ± 0.15	0.41 ± 0.21	0.32 ± 0.12^r
	Mean	0.61 ± 0.32	0.62 ± 0.29	0.56 ±0.34	0.61 ± 0.38	0.67 ± 0.29	0.62 ± 0.32
Palmitic Acid (C16:0)	1	17.62 ± 15.71	14.46 ± 12.24	16.6 ± 12.43	18.31 ± 16.66	14.86 ± 12.7	15.97 ± 12.0^p
	7	17.16 ± 16.03	20.50 ± 17.76	10.12 ± 17.52	0 ± 0	0 ± 0	9.55± 14.24^pq
	14	0.24 ± 0.07	0.29 ± 0.16	0.23 ± 0.06	0.2 ± 0.35	0.21 ± 0.09	0.24 ± 0.08^q
	Mean	11.67 ± 14.12	11.75 ± 14.03	8.32 ± 12.49	6.17 ± 12.34	5.02 ± 9.73	8.59 ± 12.37
Heptadecanoic Acid (C17:0)	1	0.91 ± 0.78	0.73 ± 0.94	0.26 ± 0.23	0.84 ± 0.98	0.52 ± 0.58	0.65 ± 0.68^q
	7	0.46 ± 0.13	0.51 ± 0.02	0.52 ± 0.04	0.57 ± 0.1	0.39 ± 0.34	0.49 ± 0.15^q
	14	1.23 ± 0.47	1.66 ± 0.94	1.35 ± 0.24	1.17 ± 0.25	0.98 ± 0.06	1.28 ± 0.48^p
	Mean	0.86 ± 0.57	0.97 ± 0.85	0.71 ± 0.52	0.86 ± 0.57	0.63 ± 0.43	0.81± 0.59
Stearic Acid (C180)	1	5.17 ± 8.96	9.92 ± 8.59	10 ± 8.68	11.85 ± 10.9	9.88 ± 8.46	9.36 ±8.08^p
	7	0 ± 0	0 ± 0	0 ± 0	0 ± 0	0 ± 0	0 ± 0^q
	14	0.15 ± 0.16	0.07 ± 0.06	0.09 ± 0.08	0.1 ± 0.09	0.08 ± 0.07	0.10 ± 0.92^q
	Mean	1.77 ± 5.15	3.33 ± 6.6	3.36 ± 6.6	3.98 ± 8.03	3.32 ±6.49	3.15 ± 6.36
Arachidic Acid (20:0)	1	0.95 ± 1.28	0.78 ± 0.84	0.68 ± 0.95	0.69 ± 1.01	0.73 ± 0.54	0.76 ± 0.81^q
	7	0.06 ± 0.11	0.19 ± 0.01	0.16 ± 0.04	0.11 ± 0.1	0.11 ± 0.09	0.13 ± 0.08^r
	14	1.62 ± 0.61	2.11 ± 1.28	2.29 ± 1.08	1.49 ± 0.41	0.9 ± 0.64	1.68 ± 0.89^p
	Mean	0.88 ± 0.98	1.02 ± 1.14	1.04 ± 1.2	0.76 ± 0.81	0.58 ± 0.55	0.86 ± 0.94
Tricosanoic Acid (C23:0)	1	0.18 ± 0.16	0 ± 0	0.09 ± 0.15	0.13 ± 0.22	0.11 ± 0.2	0.1 ± 0.15^q
	7	0.26 ± 0.07	0.15 ± 0.13	0.24 ± 0.02	0.21 ± 0.03	0.16 ± 0.15	0.2 ± 0.09^p
	14	0.28 ± 0.04	0.31 ± 0.16	0.33 ± 0.12	0.29 ± 0.05	0.08 ± 0.14	0.26 ± 0.14^p
	Mean	0.24 ± 0.1	0.15 ± 0.17	0.22 ± 0.15	0.21 ± 0.14	0.12 ± 0.15	0.19 ± 0.14
Unsaturated Fatty Acid (USFA)
Myristoleic Acid (C14:1)	1	3.39 ± 5.64	3.56 ± 6.17	2.77 ± 4.72	3.78 ± 6.54	3.08 ± 5.18	3.32 ± 4.82^q
	7	0.16 ± 0.06	0.11 ± 0.09	0.11 ± 0.19	0.11 ± 0.98	0.09 ± 0.08	0.12 ± 0.1^r
	14	6.23 ± 5.71	11.77 ± 6.64	9.3 ± 1.68	8.37 ± 1.87	5.39 ± 4.61	8.21 ± 4.52^p
	Mean	3.26 ± 4.8	5.15 ± 6.89	4.06 ± 4.8	4.09 ± 4.94	2.85 ± 4.16	3.88 ± 5.02
Cis-10-pentadecenoic Acid Metyl Ester (C15:1)	1	0.14 ± 0.13	0.39 ± 0.53	0,33 ± 0.43	0 ± 0	0.36 ± 0.45	0.24 ± 0.35^q
	7	0 ± 0	0 ± 0	0.08 ± 0.14	0.08 ± 0.14	0.09 ± 0.16	0.05 ± 0.11^q
	14	0.42 ± 0.36	0.86 ± 0.93	0.53 ± 0.48	0.55 ± 0.49	0.51 ± 0.44	0.57 ± 0.51^p
	Mean	0.18 ± 0.26	0.41 ± 0.65	0.31 ± 0.38	0.21 ± 0.35	0.32 ± 0.37	0.29 ± 0.42
Palmitoleic Acid (C16:1)	1	12.34 ± 18.87	12.04 ± 18.69	10 ± 14.95	13.32 ± 19.94	10.24 ± 15.79	11.58 ± 15.1^q
	7	11.87 ± 17.78	12.95 ± 18.36	23.42 ± 18.44	34.63 ± 1.18	35.27 ± 1.5	23.63±16.68^pq
	14	26.5 ± 8.5	23.48 ± 1.04	27.85 ± 5.15	25.97 ± 5.33	23.94 ± 1.67	25.70 ± 4.77^p
	Mean	16.9 ± 15.42	15.24 ± 14.98	20.42 ± 14.58	24.64 ± 13.89	23.14 ± 13.47	20.18 ± 14.24
cis-10-Heptadecanoic Acid (C17:1)	1	0.27 ± 0.22	0.36 ± 0.63	0.2 ± 0.25	0.76 ± 0.13	0.12 ± 0.21	0.14 ± 0.18^q
	7	0.13 ± 0.11	0.19 ± 0	0.19 ± 0.15	0.26 ± 0.11	0.19 ± 0.01	0.19 ± 0.07^q
	14	0.38 ± 0.2	0.48 ± 0.25	0.4 ± 0.13	0.33 ± 0.06	0.33 ± 0.06	0.38 ± 0.14^p
	Mean	0.26 ± 0.19	0.23 ± 0.23	0.26 ± 0.17	0.22 ± 0.14	0.21 ± 0.14	0.24 ± 0.17
Oleic Acid (C18:1n9c)	1	16.11 ± 13.98	16.41 ±14.22	16.77 ± 14.54	7.97 ± 13.81	16.61 ± 14.39	14,77 ± 12.5^p
	7	0 ± 0	0 ± 0	0 ± 0	0 ± 0	0 ± 0	0 ± 0^q
	14	0 ± 0	0 ± 0	0 ± 0	0 ± 0	0 ± 0	0 ± 0^q
	Mean	5.37 ± 10.66	5.47 ± 10.86	5.59 ± 11.10	2.65 ± 7.97	5.53 ± 10.98	4.92 ± 9.96
Lenolelaidic Acid Methyl Ester (18:2)	1	2.03 ± 3.52	3.97 ± 3.44	4.08 ± 3.55	2.05 ± 3.56	±1.97 3.41	2.82 ± 3.13^p
	7	0 ± 0	0 ± 0	0 ± 0	0 ± 0	0 ± 0	0 ± 0^q
	14	0 ± 0	0 ± 0	0 ± 0	0 ± 0	0 ± 0	0 ± 0^q
	Mean	0.67 ± 2.03	1.32 ± 2.62	1.36 ± 2.71	0.68 ± 2.05	0.65 ± 1.97	0.94 ± 2.21
y-Linolenic Acid (C18:3n6)	1	0.23 ± 0.04	2.66 ± 4.61	0.07 ± 0.13	2.99 ± 4.87	0.12 ± 0.11	1.22 ± 2.88^q
	7	0.25 ± 0.07	0.09 ± 0.17	0 ± 0	0.08 ± 0.14	0.08 ± 0.13	0.1 ± 0.13^q
	14	4.39 ± 3.59	4.3 ± 3.48	2.33 ± 3.57	11.34 ± 15.41	4.1 ± 3.44	5.29 ± 7.17^p
	Mean	1.62 ± 2.74	2.35 ± 3.42	0.8 ± 2.12	4.81 ± 9.53	1.43 ± 2.64	2.2 ± 4.91
Cis-11-Eicosenoic Acid (C20:1)	1	0.04 ± 0.08	0.1 ± 0.09	0.06 ± 0.1	0.05 ± 0.09	0.18 ± 0.18	0.08 ± 0.11^q
	7	0.12 ± 0.11	0.17 ± 0.01	0.12 ± 0.1	0.2 ± 0,03	0.12 ± 0.1	0.15 ±0.08^q
	14	0.19 ± 0.17	0.44 ± 0.31	0.34 ± 0.39	0.28 ± 0.14	0.33 ± 0.05	0.32 ± 0.22^p
	Mean	0.12 ± 0.13	0.24 ± 0.22	0.17 ± 0.24	0.18 ± 0.13	0.21 ± 0.14	0.18 ± 0.18
Linolenic Acid (C18:3n3)	1	0.45 ± 0.78	1.03 ± 0.9	1.38 ± 1.2	1.03 ± 1.79	1.94 ± 2.73	1.17 ± 1.48^p
	7	0 ± 0	0 ± 0	0 ± 0	0 ± 0	0 ± 0	0 ± 0^q
	14	0 ± 0	0 ± 0	0 ± 0	0 ± 0	0 ± 0	0 ± 0^q
	Mean	0.15 ± 0.45	0.34 ± 0.68	0.46 ± 0.91	0.34 ± 1.03	0.64 ± 1.67	0.39 ± 1
Cis-11,14-Eicosedienoic Acid (C20:2)	1	0.73 ± 0.48	0.68 ± 0.43	0.6 ± 0.52	0.37 ± 0.44	0.78 ± 0.28	0.63 ± 0.4
	7	0.38 ± 0.2	0.55 ± 0.13	0.3 ± 0.23	0.27 ± 0.27	0.13 ± 0.11	0.13 ± 0.11
	14	0.28 ± 0.26	0.37 ± 0.38	0.42 ± 0.28	0.93 ± 1.03	0.36 ± 0.11	0.36 ± 0.11
	Mean	0.46 ± 0.35	0.53 ± 0.32	0.44 ± 0.34	0.52 ± 0.65	0.42 ± 0.33	0.42 ± 0.32
Cis-5,8,11,14,17-Eicosapentaenoic Acid (C20:5n3)	1	0 ± 0	0.07 ± 0.13	0.07 ± 0.12	0.08 ± 0.13	0 ± 0	0.04 ± 0.09
	7	0.22 ± 0.02	0.23 ± 0.01	0.22 ± 0.02	0.21 ± 0.1	0.07 ± 0.13	0.19 ± 0.07
	14	0.25 ± 0.04	0.29 ± 0.18	0.31 ± 0.17	0.03 ± 0.06	0.14 ± 0.12	0.2 ± 0.15
	Mean	0.15 ± 0.12^ab	0.2 ± 0.15^b	0.19 ± 0.14^b	0.11 ± 0.11^ab	0.07 ± 0.11^a	0.14 ± 0.13
Cis-13-16-Docosadienoic Acid Methyl Ester (C22:2)(Cis13,16)	1	3.49 ± 2.62	3.18 ± 2.44	1.84 ± 2.75	2.2 ± 1.86	3.69 ± 2.48	2.88 ± 2.2
	7	13.54 ± 20.39	3.21 ± 0.99	1.78 ± 1.51	1.66 ± 1.71	0.72 ± 0.45	4.18 ± 9.19
	14	1.2 ± 0.64	0.4 ± 0.36	0.35 ± 0.31	3.9 ± 6.34	0.77 ± 0.43	1.32 ± 2.78
	Mean	6.07 ± 11.75	2.27 ± 1.93	1.32 ± 1.74	2.59 ± 3.56	1.73 ± 1.95	2.79 ± 5.68
Cis-9-Octadecenoate Acid Methyl Ester (C18:1)	1	0 ± 0	0 ± 0	9.99 ± 17.3	5.34 ± 9.24	7.79 ± 16.96	5.03 ± 10.8^q
	7	17.39 ± 5.34	19.26 ± 1.63	19.48 ± 0.93	22. 19 ± 5.05	20.72 ± 0.55	19.81 ± 3.32^p
	14	8.74 ± 7.57	14 83 ± 14.72	8.86 ± 15.35	4.3 ± 6.65	18.17 ± 7.94	10.98±10.67^q
	Mean	8.71 ± 8.85	11.36 ± 11.45	11.36 ± 11.45	10.61 ± 10.7	16.22 ± 10.59	11.94 ± 10.71
Linolelaidic Acid Methyl Ester + Methyl Linoleate (C18:2)	1	13.52 ± 23.41	11.28 ± 19.54	8.08 ± 14	4.87 ± 8.44	5.36 ± 9.28	8.62 ± 13.97^q
	7	0 ± 0	0 ± 0	0 ± 0	0.10 ± 0.17	2.75 ± 4.77	0.57 ± 2.12^p
	14	29.3 ± 6.08	30.9 ± 18.9	24.11 ± 9.02	22.65 ± 5.32	22.19 ±6.31	25 .83 ± 9.58^q
	Mean	14.27 ± 17.53	14.96 ± 19.21	10.73 ± 13.5	9.21 ± 11.44	10.1 ± 10.98	11.67 ± 14.36
Methyl Linolenic (C18:3)	1	0 ± 0	0.09 ± 0.17	0.07 ± 0.13	0.1 ± 0.17	0.07 ± 0.11	0.07 ± 0.12^q
	7	1.2 ± 0.25	1.58 ± 0.12	1.71 ± 0.05	1.67 ± 1.56	2.01 ± 0.36	1.63 ± 0.67^p
	14	0.6 ± 0.56	0.33 ± 0.13	0.34 ± 0.08	0.13 ± 0.12	0.17 ± 0.01	0.32 ± 0.29^q
	Mean	0.6 ± 0.6	0.67 ± 0.7	0,.71 ± 0.76	0.63 ± 1.11	0.75 ± 0.97	0.67 ± 0.81
Methyl Myristoleic (C14:1)	1	0.04 ± 0.08	0.56 ± 0.98	0.04 ± 0.07	0.06 ± 0.1	0 ± 0	0.04 ± 0.07^q
	7	9.75 ± 2.29	10. 69 ± 0.18	11.14 ± 0.45	10.69 ± 0.09	11.06 ± 0.75	10.67 ± 1.06^p
	14	0.05 ± 0.08	0.03 ± 0.06	0.04 ± 0.08	0.03 ± 0.06	0.03 ± 0.06	0.39 ± 0.06^q
	Mean	3.28 ± 4.98	3.59 ± 5.32	3.74 ± 5.55	3.59 ± 5.32	3.7 ± 5.54	3.58 ± 5.1
Cis-10-Pentadecenoic Acid Methyl Ester (C15:1)	1	0.34 ± 0.59	0.33 ± 0.57	0,28 ± 0.48	0.36 ± 0.62	0 ± 0	0.26 ± 0.45
	7	0.23 ± 0.05	0.27 ± 0.03	0,18 ± 0.16	0.06 ± 0.11	0.18 ± 0.16	0.18 ± 0.12
	14	0.35 ± 0.61	0.23 ± 0.38	0.31 ± 0.53	0.2 ± 0.35	0.23 ± 0.39	0.26 ± 0.4
	Mean	0.31 ± 0.43	0.28 ± 0.35	0.26 ± 0.37	0.21 ± 0.38	0.13 ± 0.23	0.23 ± 0.34

Parameter	Storage (days)	Level of supplementation of Moringa oleifera leaf powder (%)					Mean
Parameter	Storage (days)	0	0.5	1.0	1.5	2.0	Mean
Total phenol (mg as galat/100 gr)	0	35.96 ± 2.02	43.66 ± 3.84	57.82 ± 4.02	66.86 ± 4.71	70.06 ± 7.73	54.87 ± 14.22 ^q
	7	76.54 ± 2.12	97.83 ± 5.85	122.33 ± 3.97	1.35.36 ± 4.22	139.90 ± 5.02	115.47 ± 26.43 ^p
	14	80.45 ± 6.22	87.74 ± 2.69	102.08 ± 7.27	143.29 ± 10.88	144.97 ± 10.29	111.71 ± 29.14 ^p
	Mean	64.32 ± 21.6 ^d	76.41 ± 25.22 ^c	94.67 ± 28.87 ^b	115.8 ± 36.93 ^a	120.1 ± 38.39 ^a	94.02 ± 36.64
DPPH (% wb)	0	6.67 ± 0.67	18.71 ± 1.66	23. 82 ± 1.21	34.83 ± 1.14	28.96 ± 11.67	22.6 ± 10.91 ^r
	7	17.17 ± 0.39	28.27 ± 0.56	31.72 ± 0.66	40.97 ± 0.94	45.31 ± 1.22	32.69 ± 10.26 ^q
	14	23.97 ± 2.13	31.23 ± 0.23	35.39 ± 1.64	43.65 ± 1.28	44.17 ± 0.255	35.68 ± 7.99 ^p
	Mean	15.93 ± 7.63 ^d	26.07 ± 5.73 ^c	30.31 ± 5.23 ^b	39.82 ± 4.03 ^a	39.48 ± 9.84 ^a	30.32 ± 11.12

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[1] *Corresponding author: nurliyani@ugm.ac.id, putridian@unper.ac.id