The effect of press temperature on the total tocopherols, sterol, fatty acid, phenolic profile, <i>in-vitro</i> cytotoxicity assay, and anti-inflammatory activity

BASDOGAN, Hakan; AKMAN, Perihan Kübra; YILDIRIM, Rusen Metin; SAGDIC, Osman; GECGEL, Umit; TEKIN-CAKMAK, Zeynep Hazal; KARASU, Salih

doi:10.1590/fst.20621

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Original Article • Food Sci. Technol 42 • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/fst.20621 copy

The effect of press temperature on the total tocopherols, sterol, fatty acid, phenolic profile, in-vitro cytotoxicity assay, and anti-inflammatory activity

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the effect of press temperature on physicochemical properties, fatty acid, sterol, phenolic composition, in-vitro cytotoxicity assay, and anti-inflammatory activity of pumpkin seed oil. For this aim, the oils obtained at 100 °C (PSO2) and 150 °C (PSO3) press temperature were compared with the cold press oil (PSO1). The application of press temperature at 150 °C caused a significant decrease in the amount of sterol, while the press application at 100 °C did not cause a significant change in the sterol composition. Total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity values, and individual phenolic content of PSO2 and PSO3 samples were significantly lower than those of PSO1. 30 mg/mL of PSO1, PSO2, and PSO3 samples exhibited a cytotoxic effect on the cells with an inhibition ratio of 75%, 48%, and 39%, respectively, indicating that press temperature reduced the cytotoxic effect of pumpkin seed oil. PSO1 showed anti-inflammatory activity ranged from 79% to 59%, while at the same concentrations PSO2 and PSO3 exhibited approximately from 58% to 49%. This study indicated that the bioactive properties of the cold press oil could be negatively affected by higher press temperature.

Keywords:
cold-pressed oil; pumpkin seed oil; cytotoxic effect; anti-inflammatory activity; antioxidant activity

Sterols (%)	PSO1	PSO2	PSO3
Β-Sitosterol+Spinasterol	48.69 ± 0.229^a	47.77 ± 0.224^b	46.56 ± 0.221^c
Brassicasterol	nd	0.08 ± 0.004	nd
Δ^{5 - 23} Stigmastadienol	nd	nd	nd
Δ^{5 - 24} Stigmastadienol	22.77 ± 0.414^a	22.18 ± 0.351^a	22.45 ± 0.38^a
Δ ⁵ Avenasterol	0.34 ± 0.009^a	0.29 ± 0.006^b	0.22 ± 0.008^c
Δ ⁷ - Campesterol	5.86 ± 0.636^a	4.43 ± 0.578^a	3.02 ± 0.619^b
Δ ⁷ Avenasterol	21.38 ± 5.975^a	20.06 ± 6.489^c	19.91 ± 6.44^b
Δ ⁷ Stigmastenol	4.81 ± 0.19^a	3.82 ± 0.150^b	3.91 ± 0.195^b
Eritrodiol + Uvaol	nd	nd	nd
Campestanol	0.08 ± 0.047^c	0.11 ± 0.065^b	0.15 ± 0.08^a
Campesterol	0.74 ± 0.04^a	0.67 ± 0.037^b	0.62 ± 0.039^c
Clerosterol	0.37 ± 0.046^a	0.034 ± 0.043^b	0.37 ± 0.045^a
Sitostanol	1.10 ± 0.425^a	0.73 ± 0.282^b	0.24 ± 0.09^c
Stigmasterol	0.29 ± 0.031^a	0.12 ± 0.012^c	0.13 ± 0.014^b
Δ ^7-9-11 Stigmastatrienol	0.236 ± 0.021^b	0.300 ± 0.177^a	0.301 ± 0.177^a
24-methylen-cholesterol	0.06 ± 0.001^b	0.07 ± 0.022^a	0.07 ± 0.022^a
Total Sterol	2888 ± 38.521^b	2982 ± 40.817^a	2667 ± 67.125^c

Fatty acid (%)	PSO1	PSO2	PSO3
C_8:0	nd	nd	nd
C_10:0	nd	nd	nd
C_12:0	nd	nd	nd
C_14:0	0.052 ± 0.007^a	0.048 ± 0.002^b	0.045 ± 0.001^b
C_14:1	nd	nd	nd
C_16:0	11.01 ± 0.10^b	11.56 ± 0.11^a	11.54 ± 0.02^a
C_16:1	0.15 ± 0.01^a	0.12 ± 0.01^a	0.13 ± 0.01^a
C_18:0	5.64 ± 0.04^a	5.04 ± 0.02^b	5.01 ± 0.13^b
C_18:1	31.82 ± 0.19^a	29.16 ± 0.11^b	29.30 ± 0.21^b
C_18:2	50.54 ± 0.21^b	53.48 ± 0.33^a	53.38 ± 0.26^a
C_18:3	0.45 ± 0.01^a	0.29 ± 0.02^b	0.13 ± 0.02^c
C_20:0	0.18 ± 0.02^a	0.13 ± 0.01^b	0.11 ± 0.00^c
C_20:1	0.09 ± 0.00^b	0.09 ± 0.00^b	0.11 ± 0.00^c
C_22:0	0.11 ± 0.00^b	0.92 ± 0.01^a	0.90 ± 0.07^a
C_22:1	nd	nd	nd
Σ_SFA	16.99 ± 0.07^b	17.69 ± 0.16^a	17.60 ± 0.02^a
Σ_UFA	83.01 ± 0.03^a	82.31 ± 0.48^b	82.39 ± 0.52^b
Σ_PFA	50.99 ± 0.22^b	53.77 ± 0.36^a	53.11 ± 0.29^a
Total Trans	nd	nd	nd

Phenolic Compounds	PSO1	PSO2	PSO3
Phenolic Compounds	mg/kg
3,4 Dimethoxy Benzaldehyde	2.765 ± 0.09^a	2.225 ± 0.10^b	2.295 ± 0.09^b
4-OH Benzoic Acid	6.175 ± 0.14^a	2.752 ± 0.21^b	1.650 ± 0.14^b
Caffeic Acid	2.675 ± 0.02^a	1.570 ± 0.07^c	2.045 ± 0.06^b
Catechin	3.230 ± 0.04^a	3.325 ± 0.45^a	3.055 ± 0.01^b
Ellagic Acid	0.832 ± 0.04^a	0.725 ± 0.03^b	0.537 ± 0.03^c
Epigallocatechin	1.013 ± 0.02^a	nd	0.305 ± 0.01^b
Ferrulic Acid	8.583 ± 0.25^a	5.310 ± 0.35^b	5.025 ± 0.03^b
Kaempferol	3.297 ± 0.56^a	2.432 ± 0.09^b	1.597 ± 0.13^c
Luteolin	1.381 ± 0.26^a	1.182 ± 0.25^b	1.131 ± 0.04^b
p-Coumaric Acid	4.906 ± 0.15^a	4.375 ± 0.24^b	4.006 ± 0.01^c
Protocatechuic Acid	2.282 ± 0.11^a	0.925 ± 0.17^c	1.382 ± 0.03^b
Syringic Acid	8.732 ± 0.35^a	5.79 ± 0.35^b	4.737 ± 0.32^c
Trans-cinnamic Acid	11.667 ± 0.45^a	7.978 ± 0.67^b	4.56 ± 0.09^c
Vanilic Acid	4.840 ± 0.19^a	3.042 ± 0.11^b	2.915 ± 0.09^b
TPC (mg GAE/g extract)	584. 07 ± 8.37^a	298.50 ± 5.94^c	373.23 ± 5.98^b
DPPH (mmol TE/g of extract)	28.55 ± 1.05^a	16.82 ± 0.75^b	14.74 ± 0.55^b

Sample amount	Caco-2 cell viability (%)
Sample amount	PSO-1	PSO-2	PSO-3
30 mg/mL	25.01 ± 0.93^c	52.76 ± 3.72^b	61.71 ± 1.10^a
25 mg/mL	25.64 ± 1.03^c	58.86 ± 4.35^b	66.57 ± 5.59^a
20 mg/mL	29.40 ± 0.39^c	68.32 ± 0.99^b	84.90 ± 1.23^a
15 mg/mL	32.25 ± 0.20^c	81.86 ± 3.45^b	94.15 ± 0.45^a
10 mg/mL	46.89 ± 1.53^c	89.26 ± 4.52^b	97.06 ± 0.62^a
5 mg/mL	63.54 ± 5.50^c	96.54 ± 0.82^b	99.37 ± 0.28^a
2.5 mg/mL	70.78 ± 2.04^b	99.59 ± 0.26^a	99.46 ± 0.95^a
1 mg/mL	87.11 ± 0.43^b	99.46 ± 0.28^a	99.52 ± 0.25^a

Sample amount (µg/mL)	Anti-inflammatory activity (%)
Sample amount (µg/mL)	PSO-1	PSO-2	PSO-3
100	79.01 ± 2.73^a	58.52 ± 3.53^c	59.26 ± 0.37^b
75	71.73 ± 1.50^a	55.19 ± 1.11^b	54.57 ± 2.52^b
50	65.43 ± 1.40^a	51.11 ± 1.61^b	50.12 ± 1.19^b
25	59.63 ± 1.34^a	49.51 ± 4.53^b	49.88 ± 4.21^b

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[1] *Corresponding author: skarasu@yildiz.edu.tr