Biological and toxicological evaluation of edible <i>Jatropha curcas</i> L. oil

CORZO-RÍOS, Luis Jorge; SÁNCHEZ-CHINO, Xariss Miryam; MARTIN del CAMPO, Sandra Teresita; JIMÉNEZ-MARTÍNEZ, Cristian; GARDUÑO SICILIANO, Leticia; MARTÍNEZ HERRERA, Jorge

doi:10.1590/fst.66722

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Original Article • Food Sci. Technol 42 • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/fst.66722 copy

Biological and toxicological evaluation of edible Jatropha curcas L. oil

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The non-toxic Jatropha curcas flour has been characterized in numerous studies that have demonstrated its nutritional properties and its safe consumption for humans; however, the refined oil has not been characterized biochemically and toxicologically. Its main physicochemical parameters have been determined as well as its fatty acids profile, which showed to be like commercial oils. Its acute toxicity assessment revealed that at a dose of 2000-5000 mg/kg of body weight, the fatty acids were innocuous, indicating its edible grade. Its biological assessment was also performed in rats, using a standard diet, and substituting it with refined and not refined J. curcas oil, without observing differences in weight gain, interference in protein efficiency, and change in liver weight due to the oil consumption, indicating that it is safe as food. Hence, the non-toxic J. curcas seeds of Mexico could be a source of edible oil.

Keywords:
edible oil; Jatropha curcas; refined oil; toxicology

	virgin oil	refined oil	jatropha oil ⁵ 5 Comité Técnico de Normalización Nacional de la Industria de Aceites y Grasas Comestibles y Similares, 2009.	corn oil ⁶ 6 Comité Técnico de Normalización Nacional de la Industria de Aceites y Grasas Comestibles y Similares, 2018.	canola oil ⁷ 7 Morales et al., 2006.
acidity index¹	0.55 ± 0.00^a	0.34 ± 0.01^b	8 max	0.5 max	0.20
saponification index¹	193.3 ± 2.9^a	197.9 ± 0.4^b	180-210	187-195	189
iodine index²	90.0 ± 0.7^b	92.8 ± 0.19ª	90-110	107-135	108-117
peroxide index³	3.44 ± 0.23^b	2.11 ± 0.59ª	-	2 max	2.185
esters index	117.21 ± 4.92^a	111.74 ± 2.39^a	-	-	ND
specific mass	0.8459 ± 0.003^a	0.8223 ± 0.004^b	0.916 max	0.917-0.925	0.917
refraction index	1.468 ± 0.001^a	1.469 ± 0.001^a	1.471 max	1.465-1.468	1.465-1.472
physical state (25 °C)	liquid	liquid		liquid	liquid
color⁴	Y = 0.7, B = 0.0, R = 0.0	Y = 0.1, B = 0.0, R = 0.0	-	Y = 35, B = 0.0 R = 4.0	Y = 32 B = -0.0 R = 1.9

sample	saponification index	acidity index	esters index	reference
virgin oil	197.56	0.55	192.52
refined oil	193.26	0.34	193.12
Huimanguillo, Tab., Mex.	195.78	10.09	185.69	Herrera et al., 2019bHerrera, J. M., Sánchez-Chino, X. M., Corzo-Ríos, L. J., Dávila-Ortiz, G., & Martínez, C. J. (2019b). Comparative extraction of Jatropha curcas L. lipids by conventional and enzymatic methods. Food and Bioproducts Processing, 118, 32-39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2019.08.013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2019.08....
Cunduacán, Tab. Mex.	195.70	9.85	185.85	Herrera et al., 2019bHerrera, J. M., Sánchez-Chino, X. M., Corzo-Ríos, L. J., Dávila-Ortiz, G., & Martínez, C. J. (2019b). Comparative extraction of Jatropha curcas L. lipids by conventional and enzymatic methods. Food and Bioproducts Processing, 118, 32-39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2019.08.013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2019.08....
Yautepec, Mor. Mex	187.00	1.68	185.32	Herrera et al., 2019bHerrera, J. M., Sánchez-Chino, X. M., Corzo-Ríos, L. J., Dávila-Ortiz, G., & Martínez, C. J. (2019b). Comparative extraction of Jatropha curcas L. lipids by conventional and enzymatic methods. Food and Bioproducts Processing, 118, 32-39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2019.08.013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2019.08....
Indian	192.34	0.959	191.381	Islam et al., 2013Islam, A. K. M. A., Primandari, S. R. P., Yaakob, Z., Anuar, N., & Osman, M. (2013). The properties of Jatropha curcas seed oil from seven different countries. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 35(18), 1698-1703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2010.529572. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2010....
Indonesia	196.63	1.906	194.724	Islam et al., 2013Islam, A. K. M. A., Primandari, S. R. P., Yaakob, Z., Anuar, N., & Osman, M. (2013). The properties of Jatropha curcas seed oil from seven different countries. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 35(18), 1698-1703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2010.529572. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2010....
South Africa	193.36	0.428	192.932	Islam et al., 2013Islam, A. K. M. A., Primandari, S. R. P., Yaakob, Z., Anuar, N., & Osman, M. (2013). The properties of Jatropha curcas seed oil from seven different countries. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 35(18), 1698-1703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2010.529572. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2010....

fatty acids		VJO	RJO
Myristic acid	C14:0	0.25 ± 0.00^a	0.27 ± 0.00^a
Palmitic acid	C16:0	14.40 ± 0.26^a	15.09 ± 0.54^a
(Z)-7-Hexadecenoic acid	C:16:0	0.04 ± 0.00^a	0.05 ± 0.00^a
Palmitoleic acid	C16:1	0.55 ± 0.00^a	0.60 ± 0.03^a
Margaric acid	C:18	0.06 ± 0.00^a	0.07 ± 0.00^a
Methyl 8-(2-hexylcyclopropyl) octanoate	C:20	0.02 ± 0.00^a	0.03 ± 0.00^a
Stearic acid	C18:1	10.85 ± 0.45^a	11.56 ± 0.48^a
NI		0.02 ± 0.00^a	0.02 ± 0.00^a
Oleic acid	C18:1n9c	39.02 ± 0.33^a	38.37 ± 0.50^a
Olaidic acid	C:181n9t	1.42 ± 0.02^a	1.48 ± 0.00^a
NI		----	0.01 ± 0.00
NI		----	0.01 ± 0.00
Linolelaidic Acid	C18:2n6t	0.04 ± 0.00^a	0.05 ± 0.00^a
Linoleic acid	C18:2n6c	32.10 ± 0.41^a	31.02 ± 0.68^a
NI		0.04 ± 0.01^a	0.05 ± 0.01^a
Arachidic acid	C20:0	0.42 ± 0.00^a	0.45 ± 0.00^a
Linolenic acid	C18:3n3	0.36 ± 0.01^a	0.37 ± 0.00^a
Methyl eicosenoate		0.03 ± 0.00^a	0.04 ± 0.00^a
Cis-11-Eicosenoic acid	C21:1	0.13 ± 0.00^a	0.16 ± 0.00^a
Metyl octadecadienoate	C21:2	----	0.02 ± 0.00
Heneicosanoic Acid	C21:0	0.01 ± 0.00^a	0.02 ± 0.00^a
Behenic acid	C22:0	0.05 ± 0.00^a	0.06 ± 0.00^a
Tricosanoic acid	C23:0	0.02 ± 0.00^a	0.02 ± 0.00^a
Lignoceric acid	C24:0	0.07 ± 0.00^a	0.08 ± 0.00^a
Pentacosanoic acid	C25:0	0.03 ± 0.00^a	0.03 ± 0.00^a
Oxiraneoctanoic acid	C19:0	0.02 ± 0.00^a	0.02 ± 0.00^a
Hexacosanoic acid	C26:0	0.02 ± 0.00^a	0.03 ± 0.00^a
NI		0.02 ± 0.00^a	0.02 ± 0.00^a
NI		0.02 ± 0.00^a	0.02 ± 0.00^a
Saturated		15.18 ± 0.29^a	16.19 ± 0.61^a
Unsaturated		84.46 ± 0.31^a	83.62 ± 0.59^a

product	sex of the animal	risk category	LD₅₀ ^{(mg/kg of body weight)}
VJO	Male	GHS 5	> 2000
VJO	Female	GHS 5	2000-5000
RJO	Male	GHS 5	2000-5000
RJO	Female	GHS 5	2000-5000

Group	AWG	DFC	FC	PER	relative liver weight (%)
fat-free diet	2.34 ± 0.14^b	12.03 ± 0.39ª	5.25 ± 0.28ª	1.94 ± 0.09^c	7.18 ± 0.54^ab
corn oil, commercial	2.60 ± 0.15ª	12.41 ± 0.43ª	4.83 ± 0.16^b	2.09 ± 0.06^b	7.57 ± 0.35ª
virgin jatropha oil	2.77 ± 0.16ª	12.20 ± 0.39ª	4.45 ± 0.11^c	2.26 ± 0.06ª	6.90 ± 0.34^b
refined jatropha oil	2.74 ± 0.11ª	12.33 ± 0.23ª	4.55 ± 0.19^c	2.23 ± 0.09ª	6.83 ± 0.39^b

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[1] *Corresponding author: martinez.jorge@inifap.gob.mx