Study on the antioxidant activity of β-sitosterol and stigmasterol from Sacha Inchi oil and <i>Prinsepia</i> oil added to walnut oil

CHENG, Qin; ZHANG, Yuejiang; LIN, Qi; TIAN, Yang; BAO, Yuanyuan

doi:10.1590/fst.69522

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Food Science and Technology

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Original Article • Food Sci. Technol 42 • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/fst.69522 copy

Study on the antioxidant activity of β-sitosterol and stigmasterol from Sacha Inchi oil and Prinsepia oil added to walnut oil

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The qualitative and quantitative sterol compositions of Sacha Inchi oil and Prinsepia oil were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The sterol compounds were mixed with citric acid, VE and other natural antioxidants and added to walnut oil, oxidation resistence was determined by the peroxide value and acid value. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis was used to measure the fatty acids. The results showed that the content of β-sitosterol and stigmasterol in Sacha Inchi oil was 156.46 mg/100 g and 68.74 mg/100 g, Prinsepia oil was 176.26 mg/100 g and 38.29 mg/100 g, respectively. After 12 days of accelerated oxidation, the antioxidant effect was TBHQ > compound antioxidants > BHA > sterols of Sacha Inchi oil > sterols of Prinsepia oil > 30% Prinsepia oil > citric acid > VE. After accelerated oxidation for 48 h, the total unsaturated fatty acids in blank walnut oil showed a decreasing trend, and the antioxidant group inhibited the decrease in total unsaturated fatty acids. In conclusion, the antioxidant treatment groups can delay the oxidative cycle of walnut oil and effectively prolong the shelf life of walnut oil, and the compound groups can significantly enhance the antioxidant effect of walnut oil. This study provides a technical reference for the storage stability of walnut oil.

Keywords:
walnut oil; Sacha Inchi oil; Prinsepia oil; sterol; oxidation

Sample	oxidised for 0 h	After accelerated oxidation for 48 h
Walnut oil	HO	HE
Sacha Inchi oil	MO	ME
Prinsepia oil	QO	QE
30% of Sacha Inchi	HO-30% (M)	HE-30% (M)
30% of Prinsepia oil	HO-30% (Q)	HE-30% (Q)
Sitosterol of Sacha Inchi	HO-sitosterol of Sacha Inchi	HO-sitosterol of Sacha Inchi
Sitosterol of Prinsepia	HO-sitosterol of Prinsepia	HO-sitosterol of Prinsepia
Citric acid	HO-citric acid	HO-citric acid
VE	HO-VE	HO-VE
Complex sterols of Sacha Inchi oil	HO-complex sterols of Sacha Inchi oil	HE-complex sterols of Sacha Inchi oil
Complex of sterols of and Prinsepia oil	HO-complex sterols of Prinsepia oil	HE-complex sterols of Prinsepia oil

Peroxide values (mmol/kg)
Oxidation time	0 d	2 d	4 d	6 d	8 d	10 d	12 d
HO	0.76 ± 0.11^c	2.03 ± 0.15^k	8.67 ± 0.31^g	19.40 ± 0.20^k	32.53 ± 0.12^j	52.93 ± 0.23ⁱ	79.47 ± 4.00^h
MO	2.47 ± 0.12^a	4.87 ± 0.12^l	12.47 ± 0.12^f	23.87 ± 0.23ⁱ	29.67 ± 0.58^k	40.53 ± 0.46^l	52.53 ± 0.92^m
QO	0.80 ± 0.10c^d	1.67 ± 0.12^c	2.20 ± 0.20^o	3.41 ± 0.02^s	5.20 ± 0.35^r	8.53 ± 0.23^t	12.33 ± 0.92^s
HO-5% (Sacha Inchi oil)	0.61 ± 0.02^de	6.93 ± 0.12^a	19.03 ± 0.61^d	43.33 ± 1.51^f	67.33 ± 1.15^a	92.03 ± 2.67^a	141.27 ± 5.43^a
HO-10% (Sacha Inchi oil)	0.73 ± 0.12^b	5.13 ± 0.12^d	19.07 ± 0.12^d	39.73 ± 0.46^c	62.27 ± 1.50^c	87.20 ± 0.72^b	106.13 ± 3.35^b
HO-15% (Sacha Inchi oil)	0.79 ± 0.12^c	6.93 ± 0.12^b	19.17 ± 0.06^c	38.07 ± 0.46^e	57.07 ± 0.92^d	83.87 ± 1.80^c	102.60 ± 2.42^c
HO-20% (Sacha Inchi oil)	0.79 ± 0.02^c	5.73 ± 0.12^c	20.07 ± 0.12^b	39.20 ± 1.06^d	62.60 ± 0.35^b	83.50 ± 0.50^d	101.27 ± 2.19^d
HO-30% (Sacha Inchi oil)	1.17 ± 0.06^b	7.13 ± 0.23^a	21.47 ± 0.92^a	41.07 ± 0.12^b	56.93 ± 0.23^d	79.50 ± 0.50^e	85.40 ± 1.22^f
HO-5% (Prinsepia oil)	0.37 ± 0.06^g	3.63 ± 0.06^h	12.41 ± 0.02^f	30.47 ± 0.61^f	52.33 ± 0.58^e	72.83 ± 2.02^g	92.73 ± 1.10^e
HO-10% (Prinsepia oil)	0.43 ± 0.02^fg	4.67 ± 0.58^f	13.87 ± 0.23^e	28.47 ± 0.31^g	51.33 ± 0.58^f	75.50 ± 1.80^f	82.93 ± 1.01^g
HO-15% (Prinsepia oil)	0.35 ± 0.09^g	3.87 ± 0.12^g	11.57 ± 0.15^g	26.53 ± 1.12^h	44.33 ± 0.58^g	57.20 ± 1.66^h	64.20 ± 0.35ⁱ
HO-20% (Prinsepia oil)	0.53 ± 0.05^ef	1.97 ± 0.21^k	9.23 ± 0.06ⁱ	21.07 ± 0.12^j	37.07 ± 1.01^h	50.07 ± 0.12^j	60.07 ± 0.12^j
HO-30% Prinsepia oil)	0.42 ± 0.03^g	2.87 ± 0.12ⁱ	9.72 ± 0.16^h	19.13 ± 0.42^l	34.67 ± 0.58ⁱ	48.07 ± 1.50^k	56.07 ± 0.12^k
HO-Sterols of Sacha Inchi oil	0.68 ± 0.16c^d	2.06 ± 0.21^k	5.26 ± 1.04^m	12.77 ± 1.79^p	18.60 ± 4.03^o	29.87 ± 1.98^p	45.57 ± 6.03^o
HO-Sterols of Prinsepia oil	0.67 ± 0.16c^d	2.20 ± 0.44^g	5.27 ± 1.15^m	15.60 ± 2.07^o	19.50 ± 4.56ⁿ	31.37 ± 3.79^o	49.03 ± 3.95ⁿ
HO-Citric acid	0.75 ± 0.05^c	2.90 ± 0.36ⁱ	6.80 ± 0.72^l	16.17 ± 1.85ⁿ	23.30 ± 2.5^m	37.13 ± 1.96^a	52.30 ± 4.00^m
HO-VE	0.78 ± 0.11^c	2.80 ± 0.22ⁱ	8.20 ± 0.88^k	16.63 ± 1.73^m	27.07 ± 2.07^l	39.67 ± 4.03^m	53.67 ± 3.40^l 1.533 ± 0.06^t 15.70 ± 0.61^r 25.81 ± 1.12^p 32.27 ± 0.32^q
HO-TBHQ	0.13 ± 0.06ⁱ	0.17 ± 0.058^p	0.27 ± 0.058^r	0.47 ± 0.058^u	0.55 ± 0.05^t	0.67 ± 0.058^u
HO-BHA	0.22 ± 0.03^hi	0.67 ± 0.058ⁿ	1.43 ± 0.12^q	2.60 ± 0.346^t	4.43 ± 0.84^s	8.80 ± 0.70^s
HO-compound antioxidants (M)	0.22 ± 0.09^gh	1.15 ± 0.004^m	2.80 ± 0.12ⁿ	7.49 ± 0.19r	11.86 ± 0.31^p	15.96 ± 0.24^r
HO-compound antioxidants (Q)	0.33 ± 0.07^hi	0.29 ± 0.12^o	1.62 ± 0.12^p	5.37 ± 0.44q	9.72 ± 0.67^q	12.48 ± 0.09^q

Acid values mg/g
Oxidation time		0 d		2 d		4 d		6 d	8 d		10 d			12 d
HO	0.35 ± 0.01^g		0.35 ± 0.01^j		0.35 ± 0.01^j		0.43 ± 0.02^k		0.59 ± 0.07^h		0.77 ± 0.02^h		1.06 ± 0.14^k
MO	0.23 ± 0.06^l		0.44 ± 0.01^a		0.45 ± 0.01^fg		0.53 ± 0.05^f		0.55 ± 0.01ⁱ		0.72 ± 0.01^j		0.75 ± 0.05^r
QO	0.32 ± 0.06^g		0.37 ± 0.05^hi		0.41 ± 0.04ⁱ		0.39 ± 0.02^l		0.40 ± 0.04^k		0.47 ± 0.03^p		0.55 ± 0.06^s
HO-5% (Sacha Inchi oil)	0.37 ± 0.01^e		0.38 ± 0.02^gh		0.38 ± 0.0i^c		0.62 ± 0.01^c		0.88 ± 0.01^c		1.19 ± 0.01^a		1.47 ± 0.01^a
HO-10% (Sacha Inchi oil)	0.39 ± 0.01^d		0.43 ± 0.05^d		0.47 ± 0.02^j		0.61 ± 0.02^d		0.82 ± 0.01^d		1.18 ± 0.01^b		1.46 ± 0.01^b
HO-15% (Sacha Inchi oil)	0.36 ± 0.04^f		0.40 ± 0.01^ef		0.45 ± 0.02^fg		0.56 ± 0.02^e		0.79 ± 0.01^e		1.16 ± 0.01^c		1.45 ± 0.01^c
HO-20% (Sacha Inchi oil)	0.35 ± 0.05^g		0.39 ± 0.01^fg		0.45 ± 0.01^fg		0.56 ± 0.03^e		0.78 ± 0.02^e		1.16 ± 0.01^c		1.43 ± 0.01^d
HO-30% (Sacha Inchi oil)	0.48 ± 0.01^b		0.61 ± 0.03^a		0.54 ± 0.08^c		0.56 ± 0.03^e		0.90 ± 0.02^b		1.12 ± 0.02^d		1.40 ± 0.01^e
HO-5% (Prinsepia oil)	0.32 ± 0.03^g		0.36 ± 0.03^ij		0.38 ± 0.02^c		0.53 ± 0.02^f			0.67 ± 0.01^f		0.79 ± 0.04^g		1.05 ± 0.09^l
HO-10% (Prinsepia oil)	0.33 ± 0.05ⁱ		0.40 ± 0.01^ef		0.44 ± 0.01^h		0.56 ± 0.04^e			0.68 ± 0.04^f		0.76 ± 0.06ⁱ		1.09 ± 0.07ⁱ
HO-15% (Prinsepia oil)	0.33 ± 0.01ⁱ		0.36 ± 0.0ij		0.46 ± 0.04^f		0.52 ± 0.04^g			0.63 ± 0.02^g		0.79 ± 0.03^g		1.07 ± 0.04^j
HO-20% (Prinsepia oil)	0.34 ± 0.03^h		0.41 ± 0.03^e		0.45 ± 0.01^fg		0.50 ± 0.04^h			0.59 ± 0.03^h		0.67 ± 0.02^l		1.03 ± 0.01ⁿ
HO-30% (Prinsepia oil)	0.37 ± 0.02^e		0.43 ± 0.03^d		0.49 ± 0.02^d		0.48 ± 0.07ⁱ			0.59 ± 0.01^h		0.66 ± 0.06^m		1.03 ± 0.02^m
HO-Sterols of Sacha Inchi oil	0.217 ± 0.028^m		0.205 ± 0.008^l		0.226 ± 0.007^m		0.290 ± 0.009^m		0.357 ± 0.028^m		0.556 ± 0.038^o		0.907 ± 0.038^q
HO-Sterols of Prinsepia oil	0.204 ± 0.005ⁿ		0.214 ± 0.144^l		0.250 ± 0.048^l		0.289 ± 0.010ⁿ		0.385 ± 0.037^l		0.575 ± 0.032ⁿ		0.915 ± 0.043^p
HO-Citric acid	0.233 ± 0.029^kl		0.236 ± 0.006^k		0.273 ± 0.031^k		0.453 ± 0.068ⁿ		0.051 ± 0.050^p		0.660 ± 0.072^m		1.120 ± 0.052^f
HO-VE	0.237 ± 0.012^k		0.247 ± 0.023^k		0.267 ± 0.031^k		0.383 ± 0.011^m		0.483 ± 0.029^g		0.707 ± 0.015^k		1.103 ± 0.096^g 0.173 ± 0.006^u 0.367 ± 0.058^t 0.97 ± 0.01^o 1.04 ± 0.02^m
HO-TBHQ	0.133 ± 0.029^o		0.157 ± 0.012^m		0.162 ± 0.008^o		0.160 ± 0.010^p		0.163 ± 0.006^o		0.168 ± 0.008^r
HO-BHA	0.137 ± 0.032^o		0.157 ± 0.006^m		0.187 ± 0.006ⁿ		0.240 ± 0.005^o		0.267 ± 0.029ⁿ		0.340 ± 0.052^q
HO-compound antioxidants (M)	0.49 ± 0.01^a		0.49 ± 0.03^c		0.62 ± 0.01^a		0.83 ± 0.01^b		0.89 ± 0.02b^c		0.94 ± 0.03^f
HO-compound antioxidants (Q)	0.47 ± 0.01^c		0.51 ± 0.02^b		0.55 ± 0.02^b		0.96 ± 0.03^a		0.97 ± 0.03^a		1.03 ± 0.02^e

Name	HO	HE	MO	ME	QO	QE
C4:0	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
C6:0	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
C8:0	0.40	4.72	0.45	0.35	0.69	0.52
C10:0	0.81	0.79	0.85	0.85	6.76	4.01
C11:0	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
C12:0	2.05	2.71	2.00	1.47	47.93	38.41
C13:0	0.29	0.49	0.53	0.10	0.80	0.56
C14:0	32.80	50.24	48.68	23.90	389.07	333.09
C14:1N5	2.26	1.51	5.80	6.69	4.63	9.72
C15:0	85.01	102.76	36.87	31.43	69.15	64.76
C15:1N5	9.90	9.71	10.71	10.39	9.79	10.94
C16:0	28803.79	38698.89	22093.47	14843.70	85821.04	75822.48
C16:1N7	686.63	921.70	244.97	135.12	1792.85	1499.73
C17:0	206.26	260.87	443.79	293.31	490.70	436.39
C17:1N7	185.05	231.15	223.68	158.14	188.34	163.69
C18:0	9146.96	12812.28	16111.90	10560.33	52753.22	45363.95
C18:1TN9	1845.01	2552.16	1173.56	848.60	5150.88	3713.20
C18:1N9	86929.61	113544.64	52393.41	35884.40	202573.20	174905.96
C18:2TTN6	2787.99	4096.82	2381.20	1825.54	3678.53	1520.27
C18:2N6	195208.39	233860.29	171646.53	126831.22	198411.17	172825.93
C18:3N6	182.31	243.87	490.60	416.77	174.65	230.99
C18:3N3	41088.64	51597.60	232564.69	168821.95	8348.18	6133.23
C20:0	347.77	459.07	477.96	352.98	3057.21	2672.37
C20:1N9	755.38	1045.23	2274.93	1581.33	647.17	578.68
C20:2N6	121.29	136.63	478.43	350.46	88.40	81.50
C21:0	56.99	62.83	22.99	16.87	34.93	37.65
C20:3N6	38.06	75.48	85.90	58.02	38.64	37.35
C20:4N6	5.84	7.57	50.64	28.35	3.92	4.50
C20:3N3	16.55	20.32	103.43	66.01	20.39	19.31
C22:0	58.12	219.47	265.62	192.10	67.99	60.45
C20:5N3	72.26	84.16	79.64	60.79	364.55	356.24
C22:1N9	40.24	47.73	116.42	66.28	26.60	50.51
C22:2N6	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
C23:0	39.48	43.90	55.64	36.17	156.44	169.10
C22:4N6	14.95	14.24	9.48	8.67	15.59	17.50
C22:5N6	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
C24:0	63.66	67.44	71.47	54.70	672.95	715.27
C22:5N3	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
C24:1N9	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
C22:6N3	30.95	30.26	23.59	17.93	31.52	42.55

Samples	Saturated (ug/mL)	Unsaturated (ug/mL)	Saturated ratio	Unsaturated ratio (%)
Samples	Saturated (ug/mL)	Unsaturated (ug/mL)	(%)	Unsaturated ratio (%)
HO	38844.40	330021.31	10.53	89.47
HE	52786.47	408521.07	11.44	88.56
MO	39632.21	464357.59	7.86	92.14
ME	26408.27	337176.66	7.26	92.74
QO	143568.88	421568.99	25.40	74.60
QE	125719.00	362201.80	25.77	74.23

Name	HO-30% (Q)	HE-30% (Q)	HO-30% (M)	HE-30% (M)
C4:0	NA	NA	NA	NA
C6:0	NA	NA	NA	NA
C8:0	0.42	0.80	0.43	1.41
C10:0	1.59	1.49	0.71	0.99
C11:0	NA	NA	NA	NA
C12:0	9.19	8.05	1.96	2.63
C13:0	0.47	0.25	0.35	0.73
C14:0	92.81	74.26	34.12	54.57
C14:1N5	2.18	1.89	3.34	1.79
C15:0	86.34	74.94	73.26	90.83
C15:1N5	8.64	8.84	8.45	9.10
C16:0	42043.69	38455.96	28843.85	36993.13
C16:1N7	922.43	785.87	599.99	815.70
C17:0	265.38	222.35	238.09	320.28
C17:1N7	197.62	169.99	187.30	240.92
C18:0	17070.79	15359.41	10760.01	14450.24
C18:1TN9	2375.21	2590.52	1833.95	2533.38
C18:1N9	115346.62	106463.37	84553.06	106823.75
C18:2TTN6	3115.86	3108.86	3127.44	4129.18
C18:2N6	205354.40	189865.31	196018.77	235098.66
C18:3N6	179.98	219.69	244.89	260.58
C20:0	38613.52	34172.64	382.80	489.59
C20:1N9	797.60	698.94	1190.86	1373.04
C20:2N6	861.63	772.87	161.95	213.62
C21:0	120.95	96.52	43.73	57.36
C20:3N6	56.17	41.53	41.84	49.18
C20:4N6	6.79	7.65	14.70	18.03
C20:3N3	20.29	21.01	33.67	38.48
C22:0	55.42	81.72	99.16	143.60
C20:5N3	126.77	101.50	65.58	81.79
C22:1N9	35.56	33.84	40.89	55.08
C22:2N6	NA	NA	NA	NA
C23:0	65.68	46.63	34.26	48.43
C22:4N6	12.72	11.22	8.44	12.26
C22:5N6	NA	NA	NA	NA
C24:0	181.75	131.11	55.66	70.56
C22:5N3	NA	NA	NA	NA
C24:1N9	NA	NA	NA	NA
C22:6N3	31.05	23.52	27.87	31.34

Samples	Saturated (ug/mL)	Unsaturated (ug/mL)	Saturated ratio (%)	Unsaturated ratio (%)
HO-30% (Q)	60727.29	367372.56	14.19	85.81
HE-30% (Q)	55197.43	338495.77	14.02	85.98
HO-30% (M)	40568.39	375516.83	9.75	90.25
HE-30% (M)	52724.35	459974.15	10.28	89.72

Name	HO-sterol of Prinsepia oil	HO-sterol of Sacha Inchi oil	HE-sterol of Prinsepia Oil	HE-sterol of Sacha Inchi oil
C4:0	NA	NA	NA	NA
C6:0	NA	NA	NA	NA
C8:0	0.45	0.32	3.02	2.97
C10:0	0.64	0.67	0.90	0.86
C11:0	NA	NA	NA	NA
C12:0	2.33	3.21	2.77	3.14
C13:0	0.71	0.61	0.43	0.54
C14:0	39.83	62.10	53.86	67.35
C14:1N5	1.39	2.20	1.50	2.63
C15:0	91.05	116.10	105.26	120.39
C15:1N5	9.31	9.92	8.85	9.31
C16:0	34691.27	45920.62	40249.65	44629.99
C16:1N7	806.10	1093.40	979.53	1101.96
C17:0	226.30	315.52	269.95	313.12
C17:1N7	208.34	273.97	241.18	282.51
C18:0	11201.66	16289.74	13466.36	15335.21
C18:1TN9	2608.96	2779.28	2649.65	2719.47
C18:1N9	102861.11	136752.56	118396.64	130216.18
C18:2TTN6	3923.50	5317.12	4447.17	4730.15
C18:2N6	222187.51	271852.89	245484.05	267632.13
C18:3N6	212.99	213.49	212.59	199.57
C18:3N3	49009.98	63523.30	55020.82	61229.40
C20:0	401.35	559.96	478.78	537.07
C20:1N9	922.05	1255.24	1147.61	983.91
C20:2N6	121.62	158.39	155.19	177.37
C21:0	56.91	81.88	64.58	78.87
C20:4N6	9.62	11.67	8.69	12.31
C20:3N3	20.63	23.28	25.66	25.60
C22:0	59.80	79.76	157.07	168.37
C20:5N3	72.10	95.00	83.05	96.95
C22:1N9	47.29	58.10	54.06	46.33
C22:2N6	NA	NA	NA	NA
C23:0	37.08	51.09	42.91	54.39
C22:4N6	11.19	11.86	14.07	14.34
C22:5N6	NA	NA	NA	NA
C24:0	59.16	73.78	66.16	79.40
C22:5N3	NA	NA	NA	NA
C24:1N9	NA	NA	NA	NA
C22:6N3	25.65	22.72	28.15	34.74

Samples	Saturated (ug/mL)	Unsaturated (ug/mL)	Saturated ratio (%)	Unsaturated ratio (%)
HO-sterols of Prinsepia Oil	46868.55	383099.08	10.90	89.10
HE-sterols of Prinsepia Oil	54961.70	429022.61	11.36	88.64
HO-sterols of Sacha Inchi oil	63555.37	483493.46	11.62	88.38
HE-sterols of Sacha Inchi oil	61391.68	469588.05	11.56	88.44

Name	HO-VE	HO-Citric acid	HE-VE	HE-Citric acid
C4:0	NA	NA	NA	NA
C6:0	NA	NA	NA	NA
C8:0	0.71	0.38	3.37	3.90
C10:0	0.81	0.89	0.95	0.79
C11:0	NA	NA	NA	NA
C12:0	2.63	2.88	3.56	3.60
C13:0	0.39	0.66	0.60	0.65
C14:0	50.06	64.58	72.59	69.04
C14:1N5	1.39	1.92	2.01	11.30
C15:0	101.53	117.55	125.72	119.32
C15:1N5	9.02	10.08	10.50	9.54
C16:0	39513.20	43241.89	45976.08	43240.60
C16:1N7	943.12	1071.55	1144.61	1082.79
C17:0	259.11	307.20	334.30	304.24
C17:1N7	234.45	269.45	288.88	268.45
C18:0	13055.87	14795.92	15973.04	14716.65
C18:1TN9	2934.57	2509.89	2334.50	2625.58
C18:1N9	116430.61	126793.84	135336.84	126740.49
C18:2TTN6	4582.12	4447.08	4757.19	4484.68
C18:2N6	245173.20	264099.81	274085.70	262195.94
C18:3N6	217.15	206.93	193.98	198.53
C18:3N3	55737.62	61679.79	63775.60	59972.61
C20:0	457.73	520.88	559.28	536.63
C20:1N9	1105.31	1239.15	1299.39	933.08
C20:2N6	140.04	168.22	177.88	160.57
C21:0	56.88	79.70	83.43	78.87
C20:3N6	38.92	41.78	66.55	78.43
C20:4N6	13.45	11.81	12.56	9.44
C20:3N3	23.35	22.15	24.76	28.30
C22:0	58.09	94.81	158.15	175.34
C20:5N3	80.09	93.15	101.53	95.94
C22:1N9	44.15	52.59	56.31	52.14
C22:2N6	NA	NA	NA	NA
C23:0	41.11	53.09	59.17	54.01
C22:4N6	12.24	12.61	17.32	18.90
C22:5N6	NA	NA	NA	NA
C24:0	65.45	78.15	86.30	78.94
C22:5N3	NA	NA	NA	NA
C24:1N9	NA	NA	NA	NA
C22:6N3	28.67	38.51	42.44	33.60

Samples	Saturated (ug/mL)	Unsaturated (ug/mL)	Saturated ratio (%)	Unsaturated ratio (%)
HO-VE	53663.58	427749.46	11.15	88.85
HE-VE	63436.56	483728.56	11.59	88.41
HO-citric acid	59358.59	462770.30	11.37	88.63
HE-citric acid	59382.56	459000.29	11.46	88.54

Name	HO-compound sterol (4:1)	HO-compound sterol (2:1)	HE-compound sterol (4:1)	HE-compound sterol (2:1)
C4:0	NA	NA	NA	NA
C6:0	NA	NA	NA	NA
C8:0	0.40	0.60	0.87	2.15
C10:0	0.85	0.89	0.69	0.73
C11:0	NA	NA	NA	NA
C12:0	2.56	3.00	2.52	2.20
C13:0	0.54	0.38	0.42	0.36
C14:0	48.30	63.65	49.69	38.05
C14:1N5	1.92	3.03	1.94	2.76
C15:0	99.96	117.64	101.70	89.25
C15:1N5	9.27	9.93	8.67	8.45
C16:0	38353.17	42646.69	36874.28	32927.63
C16:1N7	891.71	1021.90	882.71	780.10
C17:0	254.98	306.92	257.10	220.86
C17:1N7	225.60	271.56	231.28	202.43
C18:0	12784.31	14426.21	12262.14	10575.40
C18:1TN9	2935.50	2401.15	2271.52	2358.55
C18:1N9	112597.10	125114.47	109391.47	98157.42
C18:2TTN6	4964.51	4275.91	3671.63	3440.31
C18:2N6	240935.65	258633.88	232170.20	211408.59
C18:3N6	229.12	190.17	201.56	205.25
C18:3N3	54085.32	59962.96	51552.06	44931.47
C20:0	448.86	518.71	448.13	393.18
C20:1N9	1067.28	1186.01	1048.14	876.21
C20:2N6	132.91	165.60	147.23	117.70
C21:0	60.83	77.68	66.68	54.93
C20:4N6	9.96	11.97	7.00	7.60
C20:3N3	20.12	22.62	21.24	17.18
C22:0	80.34	86.58	103.45	103.57
C20:5N3	74.84	97.10	83.99	71.77
C22:1N9	45.15	43.72	49.94	37.88
C22:2N6	NA	NA	NA	NA
C23:0	38.09	55.87	47.26	37.15
C22:4N6	13.14	19.31	15.48	15.69
C22:5N6	NA	NA	NA	NA
C24:0	61.39	82.06	71.47	61.46
C22:5N3	NA	NA	NA	NA
C24:1N9	NA	NA	NA	NA
C22:6N3	24.36	43.12	33.16	30.52

Samples	Saturated (ug/mL)	Unsaturated (ug/mL)	Saturated ratio (%)	Unsaturated ratio (%)
HO-compound sterol of Prinsepia oil	52234.59	418306.83	11.10	88.90
HE-compound sterol of Prinsepia oil	50286.41	401839.48	11.12	88.88
HO-compound sterol of Sacha Inchi oil	58386.90	453517.57	11.41	88.59
HE-compound sterol of Sacha Inchi oil	44506.92	362735.25	10.93	89.07

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