Equations for the evaluation of body composition in children and adolescents

Curilem-Gatica, Cristian; Rodríguez-Rodríguez, Fernando; Almagià-Flores, Atilio; Yuing-Farías, Tuillang; Berral-de-la-Rosa, Francisco José

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BRIEF COMMUNICATION • Cad. Saúde Pública 32 (7) • 2016 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00195314 copy

Equations for the evaluation of body composition in children and adolescents

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract:

Body mass index (BMI) is widely used in the world, despite caveats concerning its interpretation in relation to gender, age, and race. BMI reading is normally standardized, potentially producing error in the results and classification of nutritional status. Body composition provides more relevant information than BMI: fat mass and lean mass are the main indices. This paper reviews existing equations and proposes the simplest ones and those with the lowest estimation error to replace or complement BMI and improve interpretation of nutritional status and physical activity.

Keywords:
Body Mass Index; Body Composition; Child; Adolescent

Autor (año)	Edad (años)	Ecuaciones
Brook ¹¹11. Brook C. Determination of body composition of children from skinfold measurements. Arch Dis Child 1971; 46:182-6. (1971)	1-11	(Mujeres) D = 1,2063-0,0999 (LOG Σ 4 pliegues) (Hombres) D = 1,1690-0,0788 (LOG Σ 4 pliegues)
Durnin & Rahaman ¹²12. Durnin J, Rahaman M. The assessment of the amount of fat in the human body from meaurements of skinfold thickness. Br J Nutr 1967; 21:681-90. (1967)	13-15,9	(Mujeres 13-15,9 años) D = 1,1369-0,0598 (LOG Σ 4 pliegues) (Hombres 13-15,9 años) D = 1,1533-0,0643 (LOG Σ 4 pliegues)
Durnin & Womersley ¹³13. Durnin J, Womersley J. Body fat assessed from total body density and its estimation from skinfold thickness: measurements on 481 men and women aged from 16 to 72 years. Br J Nutr 1974; 32:77-98. (1974)	16-19,9	(Mujeres 16-19,9 años) D = 1,1549-0,0678 (LOG Σ 4 pliegues) (Hombres 16-19,9 años) D = 1,162-0,063 (LOG Σ 4 pliegues)
Johnston et al. ¹⁴14. Johnston J, Leong M, Checkland E, Zuberbuhler P, Conger P, Quinney H. Body fat assessed from body density and estimated from skinfold thickness in normal children and children with cystic fibrosis. Am J Clin Nutr 1988; 48:1362-6. (1988)	8-14	(Mujeres) D = 1,144-0,06 (LOG Σ 4 pliegues) (Hombres) D = 1,166-0,07 (LOG Σ 4 pliegues)
Deurenberg et al. ¹⁵15. Deurenberg P, Pieters J, Hautvast J. The assessment of the body fat percentage by skinfold thickness measurements in childhood and young adolescence. Br J Nutr 1990; 63:293-303. (1990)	Pubertad mujer Pubertad hombre Postpubertad mujer Postpubertad hombre	(Mujeres pubertad) D = 1,1074-0,0504 (LOG Σ 4 pliegues) + 1,6 (edad 10³) (Hombres pubertad) D = 1,0555-0,0352 (LOG Σ 4 pliegues) + 3,8 (edad 10³) D = 1,183-0,0813 (LOG Σ 4 pliegues) D = 1,1324-0,0429 (LOG Σ 4 pliegues)
Sarría et al. ¹⁶16. Sarría A, García-Llop LA, Moreno LA, Fleta J, Morellón MP, Bueno M. Skinfold thickness measurements are better predictors of body fat percentage than body mass index in male Spanish children and adolescents. Eur J Clin Nutr 1998; 52:573-6. (1998)	11-16,9	(Hombres 11-13,9 años) D = 1,1516-0,0658 (LOG Σ 4 pliegues) (Hombres 14-16,9 años) D = 1,169-0,0693 (LOG Σ 4 pliegues)
Wilmore & Behnke ¹⁷17. Wilmore J, Behnke A. An anthropometric estimation of body density and lean body weight in young women. J Appl Physiol 1969; 27:25-31. (1970)	Mujeres jóvenes	(Mujeres) D = 1,06234-0,00068 pliegue subescapular - 0,00039 pliegue tricipital - 0,00025 pliegue muslo

Autor (año)	Ecuación
Frisancho ¹⁸18. Frisancho A. New norms of upper limb fat and muscle areas for assessment of nutritional status. Am J Clin Nutr 1981; 34:2540-5. (1981)	Área muscular brazo (mm²) = (perímetro brazo - π pliegue tricipital²)/4π
Heymsfield et al. ¹⁹19. Heymsfield S, MacManus C, Smith J, Stevens V, Nixon D. Anthrometric measurement of muscle mass: revised equations for calculating bone-free arm muscle area. Am J Clin Nutr 1982; 36:680-90. (1982)	Área muscular braquial (cm²) = ([perímetro brazo relajado - (π * pliegue tricipital)]2 / 4 * π) - 10 (Hombres) Área muscular braquial = ([perímetro brazo relajado - (π * pliegue tricipital)]2 / 4 * π) - 6,5 (Mujeres) Masa muscular (kg) = estatura (cm) * [0,0264 + (0,0029 * Área muscular braquial)]
Lee et al. ²⁰20. Lee R, Wang Z, Heo M, Ross R, Janssen I, Heymsfield S. Total-body skeletal muscle mass: development and cross ? validation of anthropometric prediction models. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 72:796-803. (2000)	Masa muscular (kg) = 0,226 x peso + 13 x estatura x (-0,089) x edad + 6,3 x sexo + raza - 11 Sexo (1 = masculino) (0 = femenino); raza (-1,6 asiático) (1,9 afroamericano) (0 = blanco)

	Ecuación
Masa grasa *
Niños	% masa grasa= 0,735 x (pliegue tricipital + pliegue pierna medial) + 1,0
Niñas	% masa grasa= 0,610 x (pliegue tricipital + pliegue pierna medial) + 5,1
Masa muscular (kg) **	Estatura x [(0,0064 x perímetro brazo corregido²) + (0,0032 x perímetro muslo corregido²) + (0,0015 x perímetro pierna corregido²) + (2,56 x sexo) + (0,136 x edad)]

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[1] * Correspondencia: c.curilem.g@gmail.com