This research aimed at recovering the peculiarities of the development of Obstetrical Art in Brazil during XIX century, starting in 1808, when a legal act signed by D. João VI included this discipline in the initial curriculum of the schools of medicine and surgery founded in Bahia and Rio de Janeiro. Research was undertaken through the review of 83 medical theses in the field of Obstetrics, produced in Bahia and Rio de Janeiro in XIX century. The data showed that Obstetrical Art was traditionally performed by women called "aparadeiras" (catchers) or "comadres", who cared for women before, during and after delivery, and provided assistance in other situations, like venereal diseases and abortion. The inclusion of physicians-obstetricians in this practice led not only to a scrutinizing of the female body, but also to the production of an anatomical and physiological knowledge of the female organism from a male standpoint.