| Microcredit |
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| RCT |
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| Green et al. 2828. Green EP, Blattman C, Jamison J, Annan J. Women's entrepreneurship and intimate partner violence: a cluster randomized trial of microenterprise assistance and partner participation in post-conflict Uganda (SSM-D-14-01580R1). Soc Sci Med 2015; 133:177-88.
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Uganda (2015) |
Cluster RCT; rural villages, marriage or single women (14-30 years); Christians: 85%; sample size: 1,546 |
Not informed |
Microcredit + business skills training + follow-up support |
Microcredit non-members |
Physical, psychological violence and control behavior; 14 isolated questions about IPV; recall period: last 8 months |
Employment, started enterprise since baseline, currently doing business, average work hour per week, income, monthly cash earnings, durable assets, non-durable consumption, perceptions of women’s autonomy, self-reported autonomy, partner relationship index |
| Pronyk et al. 2525. Pronyk PM, Hargreaves JR, Kim JC, Morison LA, Phetla G, Watts C, et al. Effect of a structural intervention for the prevention of intimate-partner violence and HIV in rural South Africa: a cluster randomised trial. Lancet 2006; 368:1973-83.
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South Africa (2006) |
Cluster RCT; rural villages, marriage women (> 50%); sample size: 860 |
Physical or/and sexual IPV prevalence: 11% (intervention group) and 9% (comparison group) in the last year |
IMAGE *: credit + training + lecturer education + ten sessions about gender education |
Microcredit non-members |
Physical and sexual IPV combined. WHO’s questionnaire **; recall period: last 12 months |
Women’s age, village pair, marital status, lifetime experience of intimate-partner violence by current partner at baseline |
| Tsai et al. 2929. Tsai LC, Carlson CE, Aira T, Norcini Pala A, Riedel M, Witte SS. The impact of a microsavings intervention on reducing violence against women engaged in sex work: a randomized controlled study. BMC Int Health Hum Rights 2016; 16:27.
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Mongolia (2016) |
Individual RCT; urban villages, women engage in sex work; Buddhists: 53%; sample size: 107 |
Physical or/and sexual prevalence: 48% in control group, 40,4% in microcredit group |
Credit + 4 sessions intervention about sex protection, safety and sexual risk reduction |
Microcredit non-members |
Physical, sexual and physical and sexual combined IPV; CTS questionnaire ***; recall period: last 3 and 6 months |
No adjustment |
| Surveys |
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| Ahmed 4141. Ahmed SM. Intimate partner violence against women: experiences from a woman-focused development programme in Matlab, Bangladesh. J Health Popul Nutr 2005; 23:95-101.
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Bangladesh (2005) |
Rural village, ever-marriage women (15-49 years); Islamics: 86,6%; sample size: 2,044 |
Prevalence of physical or psychological IPV: 14,5% |
BRAC #: non-formal education, skill development training, and collateral-free loan for income generating activities |
Eligible BRAC non-members |
Physical and psychological violence; isolated questions about IPV; recall period: last 4 months |
Women’s age, education, contribution to household income, currently-alive children, age and schooling of household head, poverty status |
| Bajracharya & Amin 3535. Bajracharya A, Amin S. Microcredit and domestic violence in Bangladesh: an exploration of selection bias influences. Demography 2013; 50:1819-43.
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Bangladesh (2013) |
Rural and urban villages, ever-marriage women (15-49 years); Muslims: 90%; sample size: 4,195 |
Prevalence of physical or sexual violence in microcredit group: 28%; microcredit non-members: 21,5% |
Grameen Bank #, BRAC #, ASA #, Proshika # and others microcredit programs |
Microcredit non-members |
Physical and sexual violence; CTS adaptation (8 questions) ***; recall period: last 12 months |
Women’s age and education, age at first marriage, spouse’s education, household size, household sex, socioeconomic status, district, rural/urban |
| Bates et al. 3131. Bates LM, Schuler SR, Islam F, Islam K. Socioeconomic factors and processes associated with domestic violence in rural Bangladesh. Int Fam Plan Perspect 2004; 30:190-9.
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Bangladesh (2004) |
Rural villages, marriage women (< 50 years); Muslims: 96%; sample size: 1,211 |
Prevalence of physical IPV: 35% |
Microcredit |
Microcredit non-members |
Physical IPV; adaptation of the WHO’s questionnaire ** (6 questions); recall period: last 12 months |
Women’s age, education, and contribution to household income, registered marriage, dowry agreement, household socioeconomic status |
| Bhuiya et al. 1515. Bhuiya A, Sharmin T, Hanifi SMA. Nature of domestic violence against women in a rural area of Bangladesh: implication for preventive interventions. J Health Popul Nutr 2003; 21:48-54.
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Bangladesh (2003) |
Rural village, ever-marriage women (17-70 years); Muslims: 91%; sample size: 189 |
Lifetime prevalence of physical IPV: 55,8%; psychological IPV: 66,8% |
Samities # microcredit |
Microcredit non-members |
Physical and psychological violence; isolated question about IPV; recall period: in life |
Husband’s age |
| Cepeda et al. 4040. Cepeda I, Lacalle-Calderon M, Torralba M. Microfinance and violence against women in rural Guatemala. J Interpers Violence 2017; [Epub ahead of print].
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Guatemala (2017) |
Rural village, marriage women (80%); Catholics: 95%; sample size: 883 |
Prevalence of any type of IPV: 12,7% in microcredit group; 28,5% in non-microcredit group |
Microcredit |
Microcredit non-members |
Control behavior, economic and psychological violence; 7 isolated questions about IPV; recall period not available |
Women’s age, number of children, education, wage, women main breadwinner |
| Chin 3434. Chin YM. Credit program participation and decline in violence: does self-selection matter? World Dev 2012; 40:1690-9.
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Bangladesh (2012) |
Rural village, ever-marriage women; Muslims: 80%; sample size: 1,843 |
Prevalence of physical or sexual IPV: 38% in microcredit group, 37% in non-microcredit group |
Grameen Bank #, BRAC #, BRDB # and Asha #
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Microcredit non-members |
Physical and sexual violence; 6 isolated questions about IPV; recall period: last 12 months |
Women’s and husband’s age and education, number of sons at home, number of children, women’s number of unions, religion, land size, distance from village to a health center, distance from village to district headquarters, telephone and television service, family planning, shop presence in village, indicator of satellite, health in village |
| Dalal et al. 1616. Dalal K, Dahlström O, Timpka T. Interactions between microfinance programmes and non-economic empowerment of women associated with intimate partner violence in Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2013; 3:e002941.
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Bangladesh (2013) |
Urban and rural villages, ever-marriage women (15-49 years); Muslims: 90%; sample size: 4,464 |
Prevalence of physical or/and sexual IPV: 51% in the past year |
Grameen Bank #, BRDB #, BRAC #, Asha #, Proshika # and any microcredit organization |
Microcredit non-members |
Physical, sexual and physical and/or sexual combined; CTS questionnaire ***; recall period: last 12 months |
Age, residence, education, religion, wealth index. Effect modification: spousal equity and women’s education |
| Dutt et al. 1414. Dutt A, Grabe S, Castro M. Exploring links between women's business ownership and empowerment among Maasai women in Tanzania. Anal Soc Issues Public Policy 2016; 16:363-86.
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Tanzania (2016) |
Rural village, marriage women, physical (30-52 years); Christians: 61,4%; sample size: 224 |
Prevalence of physical IPV: 32% in the past year |
MWEDO #: education, health services, enterprise development, and through promotion of human and cultural rights |
Microcredit non-members |
Physical violence; CTS questionnaire ***; recall period: last 12 months |
Financial decision making, partner control, depression, self-esteem |
| Hadi 3232. Hadi A. Prevalence and correlates of the risk of marital sexual violence in Bangladesh. J Interpers Violence 2000; 15:787-805.
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Bangladesh (2000) |
Rural villages, marriage women (< 50 years); sample size: 500 |
Prevalence sexual IPV: 26,8% in the past year |
Microcredit fewer than 5 years; microcredit 5 years or more; no poor ##
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Microcredit non-members |
Sexual IPV; deep interview about IPV; recall period: last 12 months |
Women’s and husband’s age and education, occupation of husband, land ownership, women’s financial contribution |
| Hadi 1313. Hadi A. Women's productive role and marital violence in Bangladesh. J Fam Violence 2005; 20:181-9.
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Bangladesh (2005) |
Rural villages, marriage women (< 50years); sample size: 500 |
Prevalence of physical IPV: 22%; psychological: 28% in the past years |
Microcredit fewer than 5 years; microcredit 5 years or more; no poor ##
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Microcredit non-members |
Physical and psychological IPV; deep interview about IPV; recall period: last 12 months |
Women’s age and position, living standard, age at marriage, education, ownership of family |
| Hasan et al. 4242. Hasan T, Muhaddes T, Camellia S, Selim N, Rashid SF. Prevalence and experiences of intimate partner violence against women with disabilities in Bangladesh: results of an explanatory sequential mixed-method study. J Interpers Violence 2014; 29:3105-26.
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Bangladesh (2014) |
Rural, urban and slum villages, marriage women with disabilities (> 15 years); sample size: 226 |
Prevalence of physical IPV: 28,3%; psychological: 41,1%; sexual: 18,2% |
Microcredit |
Microcredit non-members |
Physical, psychological and sexual IPV combined; instrument not mentioned; recall period: last 12 months |
Women’s age, area of residence, education, marital status, degree of disability |
| Karim & Law 4343. Karim KMR, Law CK. Microcredit and marital violence: moderating effects of husbands' gender ideology. J Fam Violence 2016; 31:227-38.
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Bangladesh (2016) |
Rural villages, wife-abusive marriage men; sample size: 243 |
IPV prevalence not informed |
Microcredit active participation; nominal participation ###
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Microcredit non-members |
Physical, psychological and/or sexual IPV combined; WHO’s questionnaire ** adaptation; recall period: last 12 months |
Women’s and husband’s education, marital duration, household landholding. Effect modification: spouse’s conservative ideology |
| Kim et al. 3737. Kim J, Ferrari G, Abramsky T, Watts C, Hargreaves J, Morison L, et al. Assessing the incremental effects of combining economic and health interventions: the IMAGE study in South Africa. Bull World Health Organ 2009; 87:824-32.
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South Africa (2009) |
Rural villages, marriage women (> 50%) 18 years or more; Protestants: 73,2%; sample size: 860 |
IPV physical and or sexual violence: 11,4% in the past year |
IMAGE *: credit + training + lecture educator + ten session about gender education |
Microcredit (only cash) |
Physical and sexual IPV combined; WHO’s questionnaire **; recall period: last 12 months |
Women’s age, village pair, marital status, lifetime experience of intimate-partner violence by current partner at baseline |
| Koenig et al. 3333. Koenig MA, Ahmed S, Hossain MB, Mozumder ABMKA. Women's status and domestic violence in rural Bangladesh: individual and community level effects. Demography 2003; 40:269-88.
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Bangladesh (2003) |
Rural villages, marriage women (20 years or more); sample size: 10,368 |
Physical IPV prevalence: 42% |
Microcredit fewer than 2 years; microcredit 2 or more years |
Microcredit non-members |
Physical violence; single question about IPV; recall period not informed |
Women’s age, husband’s education, area, number of living sons, religion, landholding, family structure, women’s autonomy index. Community-level variable: women’s education and credit group membership |
| Murshid et al. 3838. Murshid NS, Akincigil A, Zippay A. Microfinance participation and domestic violence in Bangladesh: results from a nationally representative survey. J Interpers Violence 2015; 31:1579-96.
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Bangladesh (2015) |
Urban and rural villages; ever-married women (15-49 years); Hindus: 94%; sample size: 4,163 |
Physical and/or sexual IPV prevalence: 25% |
BRAC #, Grameen Bank #, ASA #, Proshika #
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Microcredit non-members |
Physical and/or sexual IPV combined; CTS modified ***; recall period: last 12 months |
Women’s and husband’s age and education, age and education difference, material assets, currently employed, autonomy, decision-making power. Effect modification: urban/rural population |
| Murshid 3636. Murshid NS. Men's response to their wives' participation in microfinance: perpetration and justification of intimate partner violence in Bangladesh. Public Health 2016; 141:146-52.
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Bangladesh (2016) |
Urban and rural villages; ever-marriage men (15-54 years); sample size: 3,336 |
Physical and/or sexual IPV prevalence: 15% |
BRAC #, Grameen Bank #, ASA #, Proshika #
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Microcredit non-members |
Physical and/or sexual IPV combined; CTS modified ***; recall period: last 12 months |
Women’s age and education, urban or rural population, intervention media exposure, wealth assets, current employment. Effect modification: material assets |
| Naved & Persson 2626. Naved RT, Persson LA. Factors associated with spousal physical violence against women in Bangladesh. Stud Fam Plann 2005; 36:289-300.
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Bangladesh (2005) |
Urban and rural villages; ever-marriage women (15-49 years); sample size: 2,702 |
Physical IPV prevalence:19% (urban), 15,8% (rural) in the past year |
Microcredit |
Microcredit non-members |
Physical IPV; CTS questionnaire ***; recall period: last 12 months |
Women’s age and income, husband’s education, dowry, in-lows live in the household, respondent relies on natal, family support in crisis, communication between spouses, women’s and husband’s mother abused by her father, income, muslin, women’s attitude toward gender roles, crime in their community |
| Sarker et al. 3030. Sarker M, Islam S, Ahmed F. Violence against wives in household: a case study in rural Bangladesh. Innovative Issues and Approaches in Social Sciences 2016; 9:43-56.
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Bangladesh (2016) |
Rural villages, marriage women (< 49 years); sample size: 180 |
Physical IPV prevalence: 53,3% in the last 6 months |
Microcredit |
Microcredit non-members |
Physical IPV; instrument not mentioned; recall period: last 6 months |
Women’s and husband’s age and education, family income |
| Schuler et al. 1212. Schuler SR, Hashemi SM, Riley AP, Akhter S. Credit programs, patriarchy and men's violence against women in rural Bangladesh. Soc Sci Med 1996; 43:1729-42.
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Bangladesh (1996) |
Rural villages, marriage women (< 50 years); sample size: 710 |
Physical IPV prevalence: 47% in the last year |
Grameen Bank #: credit + non-formal literacy training; BRAC #: credit + education and health for children |
Microcredit non-members |
Physical violence; single question about IPV; recall period: last 12 months |
Women’s age and education, number of surviving sons and daughters, poverty status, religion, region, contribution to family support |
| Vyas et al. 3939. Vyas S, Jansen HA, Heise L, Mbwambo J. Exploring the association between women's access to economic resources and intimate partner violence in Dar es Salaam and Mbeya, Tanzania. Soc Sci Med 2015; 146:307-15.
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Tanzania (2015) |
Urban and rural villages, marriage or cohabiting women (90%), mean age of women: 30 years; sample size: 2,084 |
Physical or/and sexual IPV prevalence: 40% (urban) and 55,6% (rural) |
Microcredit cooperative, microcredit exclusive §
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Microcredit non-members |
Physical and sexual violence; 9 isolated questions about IPV; recall period: last 12 months |
Women’s age |
| Cash transfer |
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| RCT |
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| Angelucci 66. Angelucci M. Love on the rocks: domestic violence and alcohol abuse in rural Mexico. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 2008; 8:43.
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Mexico (2008) |
Cluster RCT; rural villages, women with child; sample size: 12,700 |
IPV prevalence not available |
Oportunidades §§ conditional cash transfer program: cash + health and education for children |
Oportunidades non-members |
Physical IPV; questionnaire and recall period uninformed |
Women’s and husband age, women’s education, household size, natural disaster, poverty status, alcohol price. Interaction: transfer size and husband with traditional views of gender role |
| Hidrobo & Fernald 1818. Hidrobo M, Fernald L. Cash transfers and domestic violence. J Health Econ 2013; 32:304-19.
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Ecuador (2013) |
Cluster RCT; urban and rural villages, marriage women (45%); poor women with a child; Catholics: 74%; sample size: 1,250 |
Physical IPV prevalence: 30% (control group), 27% (Bono de Desarrollo Humano §§). Psychological IPV prevalence: 56% (control group), 52% (Bono de Desarrollo Humano) |
Bono de Desarrollo Humano: non-conditional cash transfer program (only cash) |
Bono de Desarrollo Humano non-members |
Physical, psychological IPV; WHO’s questionnaire **; recall period: unspecific |
Age, marital status, race, husband’s education, indicator for whether women has had a child die, currently pregnant, asset index, asset index squared, urban/rural, number of children 0-5 years old, whether kitchen is used for sleeping, province indicators. Effect modification: mother education and mother relative education |
| Pettifor et al. 4444. Pettifor A, MacPhail C, Hughes JP, Selin A, Wang J, Gomez-Olive FX, et al. The effect of a conditional cash transfer on HIV incidence in young women in rural South Africa (HPTN 068): a phase 3, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Glob Health 2016; 4:e978-e88.
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South Africa (2016) |
Individual RCT; rural villages, girls aged 13-20 years if they were enrolled in school grades 8-11, not married or pregnant; sample size: 2,448 |
Physical IPV prevalence: 17% in the last year |
Conditional cash transfer program: cash + school attendance (≥ 80% of school days per month) |
Non-member microcredit |
Physical IPV; questionnaire not mentioned; recall period: last 12 months |
Women’s age, clustering |
| Surveys |
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| Aísa 4949. Aísa MG. Conditional cash transfers and intimate partner violence among Mexican couples: the impact of oportunidades on psychological abuse prevalence [Masters Thesis]. Lund: Lund University; 2014.
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Mexico (2014) |
Urban and rural villages, women with child; Catholics: 83%; sample size: 1,917 |
Psychological IPV prevalence: 70,5% to Oportunidades §§ member, 68% non-member |
Oportunidades conditional cash transfer program: cash + health and education for children |
Oportunidades non-members |
An item about women’s power on contraceptive choices was used as a proxy of psychological abuse; recall period: unspecific |
Number of member’s family, dependency, education, remittances, property, rooms, telephone, electric, electronic, water, car, fuel. Effect modification: urban/rural population |
| Bobonis et al. 1717. Bobonis GJ, González-Brenes M, Castro R. Public transfers and domestic violence: the roles of private information and spousal control. Am Econ J Econ Policy 2013; 5:179-205.
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Mexico (2013) |
Rural villages, marriage women (15 years or older), physical and/or sexual; sample size: 2,867 |
IPV prevalence: 16%; physical: 11%, sexual: 9%, psychological: 11% in the last year |
Oportunidades §§ conditional cash transfer program: cash + health and education for children |
Oportunidades non-members |
Physical, psychological, sexual violence and threat of physical violence; 15 questions about IPV based on CTS ***; recall period: last 12 months |
Women’s and husband’s age, race and education, household size, marital status, years of marriage, IPV history in women’s family. Effect modification: decision-making power, expect gains to marriage, type of marital relationship |
| Bobonis et al. 4848. Bobonis G, Castro R, Morales JS. Conditional cash transfers for women and spousal violence: evidence of the long-term relationship from the Oportunidades program in Rural Mexico. Washington DC: Inter-American Development Bank; 2015.
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Mexico (2015) |
Urban and rural setting, marriage women (> 15 years); sample size: Total N = 2,867 (survey 2003), 4,705 (survey 2006), 5,800 (survey 2011) |
Physical and/or sexual violence IPV prevalence: 15,9% (2003), 13,7% (2006); 10,2% (2011) |
Oportunidades §§ conditional cash transfer program: cash + health and education for children |
Oportunidades non-members |
Physical, sexual, and psychological violence; 16 isolated questions about IPV; recall period: last 12 months |
Women and partner’s age, education and indigenous status, attainment level, household size, cohabiting couple indicator, years in union, histories of spousal abuse in parental household during childhood |
| Perova 4747. Perova E. Buying out of abuse: how changes in women's income affect domestic violence [Doctoral Dissertation]. Berkeley: University of California; 2010.
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Peru (2010) |
Urban and rural villages, marriage women (15-49 years); Catholics: 76%; sample size: 3,904 |
Physical IPV prevalence: 14%, sexual: 4%, psychological: 15% in the last year |
Juntos §§: conditional cash transfer program: cash + health and education for children |
Juntos non-members |
Physical, psychological and sexual violence; 20 isolated questions about IPV; recall period: last 12 months |
Women’s age and education, health insurance, cohabitation, paid employment, women’s family IPV, electricity, hygienic restroom, piped water, family farming, land, household material, urban/rural. Interaction: number of children, women’s family IPV as a child, paid job |
| Rivera et al. 4646. Rivera L, Hernández B, Castro R. Asociación entre la violencia de pareja contra las mujeres de las zonas urbanas en pobreza extrema e incorporación al programa de desarrollo humano. In: López MP, Salles V, editors. El Programa Oportunidades examinado desde el género. México DF: Oportunidades/Fondo de Desarrollo de las Naciones Unidas para la Mujer/El Colegio de México; 2006. p. 69-94.
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Mexico (2006) |
Urban setting, marriage women (> 50%), 18-55 year; sample size: 2,558 |
Physical IPV prevalence: 18.7% (Oportunidades §§); 15,6% (control internal), 22% (control external) |
Oportunidades conditional cash transfer program: cash + health and education for children |
External control: community without Oportunidades (292); internal control: eligible in communities that receive Oportunidades but do not receive the cash |
Physical, psychological, sexual and economic violence; 20 isolated questions about IPV; recall period: last 12 months |
Women’s age and education, control group, IPV in childhood, previous marriage, alcohol consumption, freedom of women, decision expenditure, decision about have children |
| Tolman & Rosen 4545. Tolman RM, Rosen D. Domestic violence in the lives of woman receiving welfare: mental health, substance dependence, and economic well-being. Violence Against Women 2001; 7:141-58.
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USA (2001) |
Urban setting, single mothers (18-54 years); Chistians: 91,4%; sample size: 753 |
Physical IPV prevalence: 14,9% in the last year |
TANF §§: non-conditional cash transfer program (only cash) |
TANF non-members |
Physical violence; modified CTS ***; recall period: last 12 months |
Uninformed |
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Source: Moher et al.