Common mental disorder among incarcerated women: a study on prevalence and associated factors

Audi, Celene Aparecida Ferrari; Santiago, Silvia Maria; Andrade, Maria da Graça Garcia; Francisco, Priscila Maria Stolses Bergamo

doi:10.1590/1413-812320182311.30372016

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ARTICLE • Ciênc. saúde colet. 23 (11) • Nov 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-812320182311.30372016 copy

Common mental disorder among incarcerated women: a study on prevalence and associated factors

Transtorno mental comum entre mulheres encarceradas: estudo de prevalências e fatores associados

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Mental disorders are present in four of the ten main causes of incapacity across the world. This article aims to analyze the prevalence of Common Mental Disorders (CMD) in incarcerated women and associated factors. A cross-sectional study was conducted with a population of 1,013 women incarcerated in a female prison. The prevalence of CMD was assessed by the SRQ-20. The hierarchical logistic regression was the method of analysis used to search for independent associations between sociodemographic, lifestyle, morbidity and violence variables with CMD and strength of association. The prevalence of CMD was 66.7%. The following variables were independently and positively associated with CMD: lack of income, hypertension, tranquilizers, physical inactivity, smoking, scabies/pediculosis, psychological violence in the year before being arrested, and having witnessed psychological violence in the family in childhood/adolescence. Interdisciplinary activities among health, justice and education institutions can contribute to a qualified assessment of women before admission into the prison system. This can enable an approach that does not exacerbate or trigger the onset of CMD, contributing to the improvement in living conditions and for better health and recovery strategies.

Women’s health; Mental health; Common mental disorder; Violence; Prison

Variables and categories	Inmates (n = 1,013)		CMD (≥ 8)		P-value^*

	n	%	n	%
Age group^*					0.095
≤ 39 years	826	82.0	560	67.8
≥ 40 years	181	18.0	111	61.3
Studies in prison					0.588
No	969	95.8	647	66.8
Yes	43	4.2	27	62.8
Has completed primary education					0.841
No	622	63.0	413	66.4
Yes	391	37.0	262	67.0
Marital status					0.620
Married/stable union	355	35.0	233	65.6
Other	658	65.0	442	67.2
Children					0.964
No	200	19.7	133	66.5
Yes	813	80.3	542	66.7
Skin color^*					0.205
White	487	48.1	315	64.7
Non-white	526	51.9	360	68.4
Catholic religion					0.637
No	613	60.5	405	66.1
Yes	400	39.5	270	67.5
Works in prison					0.786
No	897	88.5	599	66.8
Yes	116	11.5	76	65.5
Receives income					0.020
No	646	64.0	447	69.2
Yes	363	36.0	225	62.0
Length of permanence in prison					0.150
< 1 year	616	60.8	421	68.3
≥ 1 year	397	39.2	254	64.0
Length of imprisonment					0.673
< 1 year	838	82.7	556	63.3
≥ 1 year	175	17.3	119	68.0

Variables and categories	Inmates (n = 1,013)		CMD (≥ 8)		P-value^*

	n	%	n	%
Arterial hypertension^*					< 0.001
No	785	78.3	498	63.4
Yes	217	21.6	168	77.4
Diabetes*					0.781
No	970	96.8	644	66.4
Yes	32	3.2	22	68.8
Heart problem					0.933
No	906	91.0	600	66.2
Yes	90	9.0	60	66.7
Gynecological problem					0.901
No	668	65.9	446	66.8
Yes	343	34.1	229	66.4
Vaginal bleeding					0.415
No	947	93.5	628	66.3
Yes	66	6.5	47	71.2
Urinary tract infection					0.322
No	695	68.8	456	65.6
Yes	314	31.2	216	68.8
Fractures					0.158
No	656	64.8	427	65.1
Yes	357	35.2	248	69.5
Tuberculosis					0.496
No	981	97.1	651	66.4
Yes	29	2.9	21	72.4
Hansen’s disease					0.838
No	998	98.7	664	66.5
Yes	13	1.3	9	69.2
IST/AIDS					0.104
No	895	88.5	588	65.7
Yes	116	11.5	85	73.3
Scabies/Pediculosis					0.002
No	761	75.2	488	64.1
Yes	251	24.8	187	74.5
Overweight/obesity					0.039
No	404	39.9	254	62.9
Yes	609	60.1	421	69.1

Variables and categories	Inmates (n = 1,013)		CMD (≥ 8)		P-value^*

	n	%	n	%
Physical activity ≥ 30 min/day					0.001
No	712	70.3	497	69.8
Yes	301	29.7	178	59.1
Smoking					0.006
No	309	30.5	187	60.6
Yes	704	69.5	488	69.3
Use of tranquilizers in prison^*					< 0.001
No	816	80.6	514	63.0
Yes	193	19.1	158	81.9
Risky sexual behavior^*					0.960
No	740	73.2	493	66.7
Yes	271	26.8	181	66.8
Use of illicit drugs before imprisonment					0.481
No	381	37.6	259	68.0
Yes	632	62.4	416	65.8

Variables and categories	Inmates (n = 1,103)		CMD (≥ 8)		P-value^*

	n	%	n	%
Psychological violence in the year before being imprisoned					< 0.001
No	605	59.7	366	60.5
Yes	408	40.3	309	75.7
Physical violence in the year before being imprisoned					< 0.001
No	695	68.6	434	62.4
Yes	318	31.4	241	75.8
Sexual violence in the year before being imprisoned					0.020
No	934	92.2	613	65.6
Yes	79	7.8	62	78.5
Before the age of 15 she witnessed physical aggression in the family					0.013
No	592	58.4	376	63.5
Yes	421	41.6	299	71.0
Before the age of 15 she suffered physical aggression in the family					0.870
No	740	73.1	492	66.5
Yes	273	26.9	183	67.0

Variables	First Stage			Second Stage			Third Stage			Fourth Stage

	OR	95% CI	P-value	OR	95% CI	P-value	OR	95%CI	P-value	OR	95%CI	P-value
Receives income
No	1.37	1.04-1.80	0.023
Yes	1
Arterial Hypertension
No				1
Yes				1.99	1.38-2.86	<0.001
Scabies/ Pediculosis
No				1
Yes				1.65	1.19-2.89	0.003
Smoking
No							1
Yes							1.58	1.18-2.11	0.002
Physical Activity
No							1
Yes							1.56	1.19-2.13	0.002
Use of Tranquilizer
No							1
Yes							2.41	1.61-3.61	<0.001
Witnessed violence in the family in childhood/adolescence
No										1
Yes										1.40	1.05-1.86	0.021
Suffered psychological violence in the year before imprisonment
No										1
Yes										1.89	1.14-2.53	<0.001

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[1] Collaborations

CAF Audi participated in the study’s conception and planning, coordinated and participated in the collection and analysis of the empirical data, wrote the paper and approved its final version. SM Santiago participated in the study’s conception and planning, supervised data collection and analyses, reviewed the paper critically and approved its final version. MGG Andrade participated in the paper’s conception, in the critical review and approved the final version of the paper. PMSB Francisco participated in the statistical analysis and interpretation of the data, and approved the final version of the paper.