The response of Italy and Vietnam to the COVID-19 pandemic: analysis of two international experiences with the first wave of the disease

Soares, Catharina Leite Matos; Alves, Gerluce; Santos, Elberte dos; Paim, Jairnilson Silva

doi:10.1590/1413-812320232810.20812022EN

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ARTICLE • Ciênc. saúde coletiva 28 (10) • Oct 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-812320232810.20812022EN copy

The response of Italy and Vietnam to the COVID-19 pandemic: analysis of two international experiences with the first wave of the disease

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Several studies on the fight against COVID-19 have been developed in various countries. However, there are few studies that compare cases corresponding to the first wave of the epidemic in a close period and with different responses and outcomes. Therefore, an integrative review was conducted to analyze the experiences of Italy and Vietnam in dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic during the first wave of the disease, seeking to identify the contributions of the health and surveillance systems as well as the specificities of the measures adopted in each country. Common databases were used and the empirical material related to publications was supplemented with documents from the official websites of both countries. The results of this study show that Vietnam and Italy adopted different strategies to deal with COVID-19, containment and mitigation, respectively, with specific measures that made a difference in the number of cases and deaths in each country.

Key words:
Health System; COVID-19; Health surveillance

Database	Combinations	Total articles Italy	Total articles Vietnam
PUBMED	“Italy” AND “Covid-19” AND “Surveillance”	97	7
	“Italy” AND “Covid-19” AND “Health System”	67	7
	“Italy” AND “Covid-19” AND “National Response”.	01	5
Science Direct	“Italy” AND “Covid-19” AND “Surveillance”	40	1
	“Italy” AND “Covid-19” AND “Health System”	41	2
	“Italy” AND “Covid-19” AND “National Response”.	0	0
Scorpus	“Italy” AND “Covid-19” AND “Surveillance”	236	18
	“Italy” AND “Covid-19” AND “Health System”	182	9
	“Italy” AND “Covid-19” AND “National Response”.	4	3
Web of Science	“Italy” AND “Covid-19” AND “Surveillance”	94	15
	“Italy” AND “Covid-19” AND “Health System”	67	12
	“Italy” AND “Covid-19” AND “National Response”.	01	14
Total excluding duplicates		830	93

Topics	Vietnam	Italy
Population	98,169,000 inhabitants	61,000,000 inhabitants
State and government	Socialist Republic with a central government, only five municipalities and 58 provinces, and an associated structure of more than 10,000 communes, each governed by an elected People's Council.	Unitary parliamentary republic. It has 20 provinces with well-defined local governments and relative autonomy in political and administrative decisions.
Social protection and health system	Public social insurance (Bismarkian), financed by the population, employers and the state.	Universal (Beverigdian) system, financed by taxes and contributions.
Health spending as a percentage of GDP	3.85% of GDP	9.2% of GDP
Gini index	0.422	0.333
Life expectancy	71.40 men and 79.61 women.	79.4 men and 84.5 women.
Morbidity and mortality profile	Persistence of poverty-related diseases such as malnutrition, high maternal and infant mortality rates (46 per 1000 and 20.14 per 1000, respectively), and a lack of health determinants such as sanitation and drinking water. Coexistence of infectious diseases and diseases of modernity.	The morbidity and mortality profile is consistent with that of developed countries, with a predominance of circulatory system problems.
Infrastructure (number of beds)	3.0 beds per 1000 inhabitants.	3.4 beds per 1000 inhabitants.
Funding of the health system	The main source is the state itself (3.85% of GDP), supplemented by 5% and 15% from employees and employers, respectively.	Funded by taxes and contributions. This is supplemented by co-payments from its users, mainly for pharmaceuticals and specialized outpatient services.
Resources secured for disasters / public health emergencies	It has a guaranteed budget to deal with disasters.	It has no budget for disasters and public health emergencies.

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[1] Chief editors:

Romeu Gomes, Antônio Augusto Moura da Silva