Biochar from <i>Caryocar brasiliense</i> as a soil conditioner for common bean plants

Silva, Maria Shirley Amorim; Colen, Fernando; Sampaio, Regynaldo Arruda; Azevedo, Alcinei Místico; Basílio, Josiana Jussara Nazaré; Cota, Cryslane Gonçalves; Fernandes, Luiz Arnaldo

doi:10.1590/0103-8478cr20200871

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SOIL SCIENCE • Cienc. Rural 52 (7) • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20200871 copy

Biochar from Caryocar brasiliense as a soil conditioner for common bean plants

Biochar de casca de Caryocar brasiliense como condicionador do solo para o feijoeiro

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT:

In recent years there has been a growing interest in the use of organic waste in agriculture. In this way, was aimed with this study to evaluate the biochar from pequi shell (Caryocar brasiliense Cambess) on the soil chemical properties and on the production and nutrition of common bean plants. The experiment was carried out in pots with soil (4 dm³ ~ 5,44 kg), in a completely randomized experimental design, 4 x 3 + 2 factorial scheme, with four replications. The treatments were four doses of biochar (0.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 % v/v), three different particle size (G1, <0.5 mm; G2, 0.5-1,0 mm and G3, 1.0-2.0 mm) and two control treatments, one without and another with addition of soil corrective acidity. The biochar from pequi shell acted as a corrective of soil acidity and as a source of potassium for the plants. However, in higher doses of biochar there was a decrease in bean plants production due to nutritional imbalances.

Key words:
biocarbon; organic fertilization; organic waste; waste recycling

Authorship

Maria Shirley Amorim Silva

Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), 39404-547, Montes Claros, MG, Brasil. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG)BrazilMontes Claros, MG, BrazilInstituto de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), 39404-547, Montes Claros, MG, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4450-6586

Fernando Colen

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6039-1240

Regynaldo Arruda Sampaio

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3214-6111

Alcinei Místico Azevedo

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5196-0851

Josiana Jussara Nazaré Basílio

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7597-2942

Cryslane Gonçalves Cota

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0750-0038

Luiz Arnaldo Fernandes ^*E-mail: luizmcmg@gmail.com. *Corresponding author

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9877-1924

E-mail: luizmcmg@gmail.com. ^*Corresponding author

Editors: Leandro Souza da Silva (0000-0002-1636-6643)

Tales Tiecher (0000-0001-5612-2849)

DECLARATION OF CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest in relation to the publication of this article.

AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS

All authors had equal participation in conducting the research, analyzing the data and writing the scientific article.

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (1)
Tables (4)

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Figure 1
Production of dry mass of roots (A) and shoot (B) by bean plants in the control treatments C1 and C2, and doses of biochar from pequi with different particle size. Capital letters A and B in the line compare the treatments C1 and C2, respectively, with each of the doses of biochar by the Dunnett test (P <0.05). Absence of capital letters A and B means that the doses of biochar differ from treatments C1 and C2, respectively. Means followed by the same lowercase letter in the column do not differ from each other by the Scott Knott test (P <0.05). C1 = no application of limestone and biochar; C2 = with application of limestone and without biochar; G1 = particle size <0.5 mm; G2 = particle size between 0.5 - 1.0 mm; G3 = particle size between 1.0 - 2.0 mm.

Thumbnail

Table 1
Characterization of shell and biochar from pequi shell (BCP) and doses of biochar.

Thumbnail

Table 2
Total carbon (TSC), pH, exchangeable aluminum, total cation exchange capacity (CEC) and exchangeable bases saturation (V) of the soil in control treatments C1 and C2, and doses of biochar from pequi schell with different particles sizes.

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Table 3
Potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) in soil fertilized with doses of biochar from pequi in different particles sizes.

Thumbnail

Table 4
Nutrient contents in the shoot of the bean in the control treatments C1 and C2, and doses of biochar from pequi with different particle size.

Figure 1 Production of dry mass of roots (A) and shoot (B) by bean plants in the control treatments C1 and C2, and doses of biochar from pequi with different particle size. Capital letters A and B in the line compare the treatments C1 and C2, respectively, with each of the doses of biochar by the Dunnett test (P <0.05). Absence of capital letters A and B means that the doses of biochar differ from treatments C1 and C2, respectively. Means followed by the same lowercase letter in the column do not differ from each other by the Scott Knott test (P <0.05). C1 = no application of limestone and biochar; C2 = with application of limestone and without biochar; G1 = particle size <0.5 mm; G2 = particle size between 0.5 - 1.0 mm; G3 = particle size between 1.0 - 2.0 mm.

Table 1 Characterization of shell and biochar from pequi shell (BCP) and doses of biochar.

Characteristic	Shell	BCP	Characteristic	Shell	BCP
Moisture %	11.94	4.55	Cu (mg kg^-1)	4	90
pH	-	8.65	Mn (mg kg^-1)	16	150
C (g kg^-1)	-	590.93	Fe (mg kg^-1)	97	170
N (g kg^-1)	5.8	10.2	B (mg kg^-1)	17	700
C/N	-	59/1	Zn (mg kg^-1)	9	260
P (g kg^-1)	0.3	0.01	Electric cond. (dS cm^-1)	-	0.94
K (g kg^-1)	7.7	10.39	Density G1 (kg dm^-3)	-	0.38
Mg (g kg^-1)	0.1	0.01	Density G2 (kg dm^-3)	-	0.20
Ca (g kg^-1)	0.1	0.01	Density G3 (kg dm^-3)	-	0.16
S (g kg^-1)	0.3	0.05	Ashes (%)	-	5.19
Particle size^*	---------------------------------------Doses of biochar (% v/v)--------------------------------------
G1, G2 and G3	2.5	5.0	7.5	10
----------------------------------------------------------Doses of biochar (dm³ per pot)------------------------------------------------
G1, G2 and G3	0,1	0,2	0,3	0,4
----------------------------------------------------------Doses of biochar ( g per pot)---------------------------------------------------
G1	38	76	114	152
G2	20	40	60	80
G3	16	32	48	64

^*particles size: G1; <0.5 mm; G2, 0.5-1.0 mm; G3, 1.0 - 2.0 mm. ^**pot = 4 dm³.

Table 2 Total carbon (TSC), pH, exchangeable aluminum, total cation exchange capacity (CEC) and exchangeable bases saturation (V) of the soil in control treatments C1 and C2, and doses of biochar from pequi schell with different particles sizes.

	------Control------		Size	------------------------------Doses of biochar (% v/v)------------------------------
	C1	C2		2.5	5.0	7.5	10	Mean
Total Carbon g kg^-1	5.71 A	6.10 B	G1	9.62	12.64	17.15	20.53	14.98a
			G1	y = 0.56+0.14923^**x			R² =0.99
			G2	9.81	10.86	14.74	19.74	13.79a
			G2	y = 0.53+0.134^**x			R²=0.93
			G3	9.04	9.91	17.92	19.32	14.05a
			G3	y = 0.43+0.155^**x			R² =0.89
pH	4.1 A	5.00 B	G1	4.57	4.90B	5.30B	5.72	5.12a
			G1	y = 4.16+0.154^**x			R² =0.99
			G2	4.40	4.75	4.77B	5.02B	4.74b
			G2	y = 4.26+0.0760^** x			R² =0.91
			G3	4.45	4.77	4.75	4.90B	4.72b
			G3	y = 4.39+0.0530^**x			R² =0.80
Al cmol_c dm^-3	0.6 A	0.16 B	G1	0.38	0.19B	0.09	0.01	0.17b
			G1	y = 0.54-0.0588^**x			R² =0.96
			G2	0.41	0.310	0.26	0.18 B	0.29a
			G2	y = 0.59-0.0546^**x			R² =0.95
			G3	0.42	0.29	0.27	0.21B	0.25a
			G3	y = 0.59-0.0544^**x			R² =0.94
CEC cmol_c dm^-3	4.14 A	4.24 B	G1	4.12AB	3.93AB	4.30AB	4.22AB	4.14a
			G1	y = 4.14			-
			G2	4.47AB	3.65AB	3.73AB	3.72AB	3.89a
			G2	y = 3.89			-
			G3	4.14AB	4.00AB	4.18AB	4.01AB	4.08a
			G3	y = 4.08			-
V %	23.08 A	52.2 B	G1	29.5A	40.50	46.54B	58.75B	43.81a
			G1	y = 20.38+3.75^**x			R² =0.90
			G2	28.75A	37.75	38.75	46.25B	37.86a
			G2	y = 24.50+2.14^**x			R² =0.98
			G3	29.75A	39.01	40.45	43.75B	38.25a
			y = 27.375+1.74^**x			R² =0.87

Capital letters A and B in the line compare the treatments C1 and C2, respectively, with each of the doses of biochar by the Dunnett test (P <0.05). Absence of capital letters A and B means that the doses of biochar differ from treatments C1 and C2, respectively. Means followed by the same lowercase letter in the column do not differ from each other by the Scott Knott test (P <0.05). C1 = no application of limestone and biochar; C2 = with application of limestone and without biochar; G1 = particle size <0.5 mm; G2 = particle size between 0.5 - 1.0 mm; G3 = particle size between 1.0 - 2.0 mm.

Table 3 Potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) in soil fertilized with doses of biochar from pequi in different particles sizes.

	-------------Control-----------		Size	-------------------------Doses of biochar (% v/v)--------------------------
	C1	C2		2.5	5.0	7.5	10	Mean
K mg dm^-3	20.0 A	32.75 B	G1	93.50	182.50	261.25	344.67	220.48a
			G1	y = 12.42+33.29^**x			R²=0.99
			G2	63.50	108.33	154.25	215.50	135.40b
			G2	y = 9.91+ 20.07^**x			R²=0.99
			G3	61.00	109.25	128.53	206.25	126.26b
			G3	y = 12.5+18.2^**x			R²=0.94
Ca cmolc dm^-3	0.71 A	1.17 B	G1	0.74A	0.80A	1.00B	1.00B	0.885a
			G1	y = 0.64+0.0392^**x			R²=0.87
			G2	0.74A	0.81A	0.84A	0.86A	0.814c
			G2	y = 0.81			-.
			G3	0.76A	0.84A	0.85A	0.95B	0.852b
			G3	y = 0.85			-
Mg cmolc dm^-3	0.18 A	0.95 B	G1	0.23A	0.30	0.33	0.60	0.36a
			G1	y= 0.08+0.0459^**x			R²=0.82
			G2	0.29	0.25A	0.30	0.30	0.28b
			G2	y = 0.29			-
			G3	0.24A	0.23A	0.25A	0.23A	0.20c
			G3	y = 0.24			-
P mg dm^-3	0.71 A	1.17 B	G1	10.75	10.24	14.11	19.03	13.54a
			G1	y = 2.97+1.602^**x			R²=0.88
			G2	11.67	12.80	17.74	19.07	15.32a
			G2	y = 3.84+1.7116^**x			R²=0.86
			G3	11.78	12.78	14.09	16.55	13.80a
			G3	y = 4.38+1.3596^**x			R²=0.78
Mn mg dm^-3	0.80 A	1.22 B	G1	0.97AB	0.93AB	1.11AB	1.04AB	1.01a
			G1	y = 1.01			-
			G2	0.95AB	1.05AB	0.90AB	0.98AB	0.97a
			G2	y = 0.97			-
			G3	0.93AB	0.84AB	0.98AB	0.92AB	0.92a
			G3	y = 0.92			-
Cu mg dm^-3	0.15 A	0.17 B	G1	0.14AB	0.15AB	0.16AB	0.16AB	0.15a
			G1	y = 0.15			-
			G2	0.16AB	0.16AB	0.16AB	0.16AB	0.16a
			G2	y = 0.16			-
			G3	0.17AB	0.17AB	0.17AB	0.16AB	0.17a
			G3	y = 0.17			-
Zn mg dm^-3	0.28 A	0.37 B	G1	0.29AB	0.26AB	0.24AB	0.64AB	0.36a
			G1	y= 0.36			-
			G2	0.34AB	0.39AB	0.34AB	0.34AB	0.35a
			G2	y= 0.35			-
			G3	0.27AB	0.26AB	0.21AB	0.4 AB	0.26b
			y = 0.29			-

Capital letters A and B in the line compare the treatments C1 and C2, respectively, with each of the doses of biochar by the Dunnett test (P <0.05). Absence of capital letters A and B means that the doses of biochar differ from treatments C1 and C2, respectively. Means followed by the same lowercase letter in the column do not differ from each other by the Scott Knott test (P <0.05). C1 = no application of limestone and biochar; C2 = with application of limestone and without biochar; G1 = particle size <0.5 mm; G2 = particle size between 0.5 - 1.0 mm; G3 = particle size between 1.0 - 2.0 mm.

Table 4 Nutrient contents in the shoot of the bean in the control treatments C1 and C2, and doses of biochar from pequi with different particle size.

	--------Control---------			Size	----------------------------------Biochar doses (% v/v)---------------------------------
	C1	C2		2.5	5.0	7.5	10	Mean
N g kg^-1	13.26A	14.88B	G1	13.14AB	11.61 A	11.088	10.833	11.67a
			G1	y =13.529-0.2977^**x			R² =0.87
			G2	17.57	13.19AB	12.64AB	10.88	13.57a
			G2	y = 18.723-0.8241^**x			R² =0.88
			G3	14.54AB	11.82A	11.98A	12.08AB	12.61a
			G3	y = 12.61			-
P g kg^-1	2.06A	1.98B	G1	2.32AB	2.47	2.54	2.28AB	2.40a
			G1	y = 2.40			-
			G2	2.35AB	2.28AB	2.47	2.59	2.43a
			G2	y = 2.43			-
			G3	2.25AB	2.35AB	2.32AB	2.48	2.36a
			G3	y = 2.36			-
K g kg^-1	8.78A	10.02B	G1	41.05	43.62	66.43	81.52	58.16a
			G1	y = 22.10 + 5.7687 ^**x			R² =0.93
			G2	36.04	37.79	47.86	53.74	43.86a
			G2	y = 28.07 + 2.5265^** x			R² =0.94
			G3	31.01	38.84	44.65	51.29	41.45a
			G3	y = 24.79 + 2.6666^**x			R² =0.99
Ca g kg^-1	21.87A	30.31B	G1	11.47	8.47	6.89	6.00	8.21b
			G1	y = 12.70-0.7196^**x			R² =0.94
			G2	12.82	9.47	9.29	9.42	10.25a
			G2	y = 12.845-0.4152^**x			R² =0.71
			G3	15.03	11.64	11.37	9.88	11.28a
			G3	y = 15.91-0.6288^**x			R² =0.91
Mg g kg^-1	1.64A	3.62B	G1	1.16	0.99	0.78	0.7	0.91a
			G1	y = 1.305-0.0636^**x			R² =0.97
			G2	1.21	1.065	0.95	0.93	1.04a
			G2	y = 1.2775-0.0382^**x			R² =0.92
			G3	1.207	1.07	0.97	0.845	1.02a
			G3	y = 1.3195-0.0474^**x			R² =0.99
Zn mg kg^-1	29.93A	21.43B	G1	34.36A	36.63A	33.11A	33.01A	34.02a
			G1	y = 34.02			-
			G2	29.56	30.78A	30.99A	33.08A	31.10a
			G2	y = 31.10			-
			G3	31.44A	31.61A	32.07A	33.45A	32.14a
			G3	y = 32.14			-
Cu mg kg^-1	12.09A	12.44B	G1	12.43AB	12.98AB	13.79AB	14.53Ab	13.43a
			G1	y = 13.43			-
			G2	12.67AB	12.63AB	12.91AB	13.13 AB	12.84a
			G2	y = 12.84			-
			G3	12.46AB	12.63AB	12.98AB	13.31AB	12.83a
			G3	y = 12.83			-
Mn mg kg^-1	327.21A	124.98B	G1	193.47	107.15B	77.55	69.26	111.86b
			G1	y = 212.42-16.089^**x			R² =0.85
			G2	233.2	146.12B	143.5B	121.4B	161.06a
			G2	y = 245.55-13.52^**x			R² =0.81
			G3	199.57	198.35	182.31	175.66	188.97a
			y = 210.92-3.5108^**x			R² =0.93

Capital letters A and B in the line compare the treatments C1 and C2, respectively, with each of the doses of biochar by the Dunnett test (P <0.05). Absence of capital letters A and B means that the doses of biochar differ from treatments C1 and C2, respectively. Means followed by the same lowercase letter in the column do not differ from each other by the Scott Knott test (P <0.05). C1 = no application of limestone and biochar; C2 = with application of limestone and without biochar; G1 = particle size <0.5 mm; G2 = particle size between 0.5 - 1.0 mm; G3 = particle size between 1.0 - 2.0 mm.

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Biochar from <i>Caryocar brasiliense</i> as a soil conditioner for common bean plants

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[1] E-mail: luizmcmg@gmail.com. ^*Corresponding author