Impact of urbanization on agricultural ecological efficiency: evidence from China

Chen, Ximing; Shang, Jie; Ji, Xueqiang

doi:10.1590/0103-8478cr20210650

ABSTRACT:

Agricultural ecological efficiency is of great value to the government’s agricultural policy formulation. Research on the factors affecting agricultural ecological efficiency can provide support for the formation of countermeasures to improve agricultural ecological efficiency. Existing research has not conducted an in-depth analysis of the impact of urbanization on agricultural ecological efficiency, and there is a lack of relevant research on the impact of urbanization on agricultural ecological efficiency. This article is based on the data of 30 provinces and cities in China from 2009 to 2018, using the SBM model that considers undesired output, entropy method, Tobit model and other models and methods to measure agricultural ecological efficiency and urbanization comprehensive index, and analyze the impact of urbanization comprehensive index and urbanization indicators on agricultural ecological efficiency. The research results are as follows: 1) The overall agricultural ecological efficiency in China’s 30 provinces and cities has been increasing from 2009 to 2018. The eastern region has the highest agricultural ecological efficiency, followed by the western region, and the central and northeastern regions have relatively low values; 2) The comprehensive urbanization index of China’s 30 provinces and cities continued to grow from 2009 to 2018.The level of urbanization in the eastern region is the highest, in the central region has increased rapidly from 2009 to 2018, and in the western and northeastern regions is relatively low; 3) The overall increase in urbanization can promote the improvement of agricultural ecological efficiency. The impact of specific urbanization indicators on agricultural ecological efficiency is complex. Therefore, discussing the impact of urbanization on agricultural ecological efficiency cannot be considered from a single aspect, but should be analyzed from multiple perspectives.

Key word:
Sustainable development of agriculture; Agricultural ecological efficiency; SBM; Entropy method

[1] E-mail: shangjie2005@126.com. ^*Corresponding author

Index type	Sub index	symbol	Variables and descriptions	Computational method
Input index	Labour force	X₁	Number of employees in farm ((10⁴person)	Agricultural practitioners = first industry practitioners ^* total agricultural output value / total output value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery.
	Land	X₂	Planting area of crops (khm²)	Statistical Yearbook queries
	Chemical fertilizer	X₃	Fertilizers consumption ((10⁴t)	Statistical Yearbook queries
	Pesticide	X₄	Pesticides usage (t)	Statistical Yearbook queries
	Agricultural film	X₅	Agricultural film consumption(t)	Statistical Yearbook queries
	Agricultural Machinery Power	X₆	Total power of agricultural machinery ((10⁴kW)	Statistical Yearbook queries
	Irrigation	X₇	Effective irrigation area (khm²)	Statistical Yearbook queries
Output index	Total output value of farm	Y	Total output value of farm ((10⁸¥)	Statistical Yearbook queries
Bad output index	Carbon emission	U₁	Total carbon emissions from fertilizers, pesticides, agricultural membranes, agricultural diesel, agricultural irrigation and agricultural sowing ((10⁴t)	Total carbon emissions = chemical fertilizer application(0.90 + pesticide use ( 4.93 + agricultural film use( 5.18 + agricultural diesel use( 0.59 + effective irrigation area (20.48 + total crop sown area(312.60
Bad output index	Pollution emissions	U₂	Quantity of chemical fertilizer, pesticide, total residues of agricultural membrane ((10⁴t)	Total pollution emission = chemical fertilizer application( 0.65 + pesticide use( 0.50 + agricultural film use( 0.10

Target level index	System-level index	Evaluating index	symbol	Computational method
urbanization	Population urbanization	Population urbanization rate	C1	Statistical Yearbook queries
		Per capita disposable income of urban residents	C2	Statistical Yearbook queries
	Economic urbanization	Urban economic density	C3	The output value of secondary and tertiary industries under its jurisdiction/Land area of jurisdiction
		Proportion of secondary and tertiary industries in GDP	C4	The output value of secondary and tertiary industries under its jurisdiction / Jurisdiction GDP
	Land urbanization	Proportion of built-up area	C5	Built-up area/Area of administrative land
		Per capita Built-up area	C6	Built-up area//Total population of jurisdiction

Variable type	Variable name	symbol	Calculation formula
Explained variable	Agricultural ecological efficiency	AEE	SBM model and calculation of agricultural ecological efficiency index system based on considering undesired output
Core explanatory variables	Urbanization Comprehensive Evaluation Index	UI	Calculation based on entropy method and comprehensive evaluation index system of urbanization
	Population urbanization rate	C1	Statistical Yearbook queries
	Per capita disposable income of urban residents	C2	Statistical Yearbook queries
	Urban economic density	C3	The output value of secondary and tertiary industries under its jurisdiction/Land area of jurisdiction
	Proportion of secondary and tertiary industries in GDP	C4	The output value of secondary and tertiary industries under its jurisdiction / Jurisdiction GDP
	Proportion of built-up area	C5	Built-up area/Area of administrative land
	Per capita Built-up area	C6	Built-up area//Total population of jurisdiction
Control variable	Agricultural disaster rate	DR	Agricultural disaster rate = disaster area of crops/total sown area of crops (%)
	Agricultural machinery density	JX	Agricultural machinery density = total power of agricultural machinery/total sown area of crops (kw/ha)
	Regional financial support for agriculture	CZ	Regional financial support for agriculture = local financial expenditure on agriculture, forestry and water affairs/local financial general budget expenditure (%)
	Regional industrialization level	GY	Regional industrialization level = industrial added value/regional gross product (%)

	--------------------------------Tobit-----------------------------------			---------------------------------Ols--------------------------------
AE	Coef.	Std. Err.	t	P>\|t\|	Coef.	Std. Err.	t	P>\|t\|
UI	0.639	0.106	6.010	0.000	0.530	0.095	5.550	0.000
DR	-0.212	0.054	-3.930	0.000	-0.216	0.052	-4.190	0.000
JX	-0.029	0.039	-0.740	0.460	-0.015	0.036	-0.420	0.674
CZ	-0.247	0.062	-4.010	0.000	-0.248	0.058	-4.260	0.000
GY	-0.283	0.045	-6.240	0.000	-0.272	0.043	-6.370	0.000
_cons	0.770	0.068	11.350	0.000	0.778	0.064	12.160	0.000
/sigma	0.143	0.006			---------------------------Prob>F=0.000-------------------------
	------------------------Log likelihood =123.379--------------------
	-------------LR chi2(5)=214.060（Prob>chi2=0.000)-----------

y	Coef.	Std. Err.	t	P>\|t\|	Coef.	Std. Err.	t	P>\|t\|
C1	0.330	0.079	4.210	0.000	0.329	0.075	4.380	0.000
C2	0.655	0.080	8.190	0.000	0.621	0.076	8.190	0.000
C3	-0.245	0.193	-1.270	0.205	-0.242	0.182	-1.330	0.183
C4	-0.184	0.079	-2.330	0.021	-0.185	0.076	-2.450	0.015
C5	0.032	0.181	0.180	0.860	-0.007	0.172	-0.040	0.968
C6	-0.158	0.049	-3.260	0.001	-0.155	0.047	-3.340	0.001
DR	-0.118	0.049	-2.400	0.017	-0.126	0.047	-2.660	0.008
JX	-0.062	0.036	-1.730	0.084	-0.057	0.034	-1.680	0.095
CZ	-0.172	0.075	-2.300	0.022	-0.178	0.072	-2.470	0.014
GY	-0.043	0.051	-0.840	0.402	-0.033	0.048	-0.690	0.490
_cons	0.571	0.077	7.430	0.000	0.580	0.074	7.860	0.000
/sigma	0.122	0.005			--------------------------Prob> = 0.0000--------------------------
	----------------------Log likelihood =168.085-----------------------
	-----------LR chi2(10)=303.470（ Prob > chi2 =0.000)---------

Brasil

Brasil

Impact of urbanization on agricultural ecological efficiency: evidence from China

Impacto da urbanização na eficiência ecológica agrícola: evidência da China

ABSTRACT: