Nitrogen is absorbed as NO3- ou NH4+ and assimilated into aminoacids both in roots and shoots. Root absortion (rate and total amount) at each plant developmental stage depends on specific plasma membrane carriers, enzyme activity for reduction and assimilation and energy availability for both processes. Several research groups are trying to identify bottlenecks on nitrogen metabolism processes. The main limitations referred are: a) Carriers affinity for nitrate and amonium, b) Carbohydrate supply to roots, c) Phloem aminoacids level concentration, d) Nitrate reductase (NR), glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate synthase (GOGAT) enzyme activity, e) N source (NO3- ou NH4+) supplied, and f) Site of assimilation (root or shoot). These studies are showing that N metabolism is multi-regulated and integrated to plant general metabolism. The identification of specific metabolic steps that limit plant productivity is very complex. Cloning specific N carriers may help breeding programs in order to get more nitrogen efficient plants.
nitrogen; absortion; assimilation; regulation
