Seeding furrow opening mechanisms and the soybean planting in lowland areas

Coelho, Lucas Lopes; Marchesan, Enio; Oliveira, Maurício Limberger de; Serafin, Augusto Dubou; Schütz, Roberto Paulo; Soares, Camille Flores; Aramburu, Bruno Behenck

doi:10.1590/0103-8478cr20190870

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CROP PRODUCTION • Cienc. Rural 50 (6) • 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20190870 copy

Seeding furrow opening mechanisms and the soybean planting in lowland areas

Mecanismos sulcadores da semeadora e a implantação de soja em área de terras baixas

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT:

The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of seeder furrow opening mechanisms on soil physical characteristics, plant growth, and soybean yield in lowland areas with the presence of compacted layer near the surface. An experiment was conducted in the lowland experimental area of the Federal University of Santa Maria-RS, Brazil, during the 2015/16 and 2016/17 growing season. The experimental design was a randomized block with five replications and four treatments: Planter using shank (S) at 0.23 m depth; S at 0.13 m; Planter using double disk at 0.07 m depth and Raised-bed + S at 0.12 m depth. The use of S at 0.23 m depth allowed reduction of penetration resistance and increase of soil macroporosity in the layers 0-0.1 and 0.1-0.2 m depth in the seeding row. Sowing with S at 0.23 m depth and Raised-bed + S at 0.12 m depth allowed a better development of soybean plants in compacted irrigated rice area (higher nodulation, leaf area index and root growth), as well as higher grain yield.

Key words:
shank; soil compaction; raised bed; Albaqualf soil; Glycine max

Authorship

Lucas Lopes Coelho ^*E-mail: lucas_l_c@hotmail.com. *Corresponding author

Departamento de Fitotecnia, Centro de Ciências Rurais (CCR), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil..Universidade Federal de Santa MariaBrazilanta Maria, RS, BrazilDepartamento de Fitotecnia, Centro de Ciências Rurais (CCR), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil..

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3402-3265

Enio Marchesan

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6759-1058

Maurício Limberger de Oliveira

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7613-9840

Augusto Dubou Serafin

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3224-2050

Roberto Paulo Schütz

Camille Flores Soares

Departamento de Fitossanidade, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, Brasil.Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel)BrazilPelotas, RS, BrazilDepartamento de Fitossanidade, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5463-3909

Bruno Behenck Aramburu

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4816-7486

E-mail: lucas_l_c@hotmail.com. ^*Corresponding author

DECLARATION OF CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The founding sponsors had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, and in the decision to publish the results.

AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS

The authors also contributed to the manuscript.

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (3)
Tables (2)

Thumbnail

Figure 1
Density (a), total porosity (b), microporosity (c), and macroporosity (d) of the soil in the soybean seeding row due to the use of seeder mechanisms in compacted lowland area. 2015/16 growing season. Santa Maria, RS. 2017. ^* Dashed line determines the critical limit for the density variables (REICHERT et al., 2009REICHERT, J.M. et al. Reference bulk density and critical degreeof-compactness for no-till crop production in subtropical highly weathered soils. Soil and Tillage Research, v.102, p.242-254, 2009. Available from: <Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167198708001025 >. Accessed: Jul. 04, 18, 2002. doi: 10.1016/j.still.2008.07.002.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar... ) and soil macroporosity (KAISER et al., 2009KAISER, D.R. et al. Least limiting water range in an oxisol profile penetrated by common bean roots under different compaction levels. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, v.33, p.845-855, 2009. Available from: <Available from: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rbcs/v33n4/09.pdf >. Accessed: Jun. 25, 2017. doi: 10.1590/S0100-06832009000400009.
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rbcs/v33n4/09.p... ).

Thumbnail

Figure 2
Density (a), total porosity (b), microporosity (c), and macroporosity (d) of the soil in the soybean seeding row due to the use of furrowing mechanisms in compacted lowland area. 2016/17 growing season. Santa Maria, RS. 2017. ^* Dashed line determines the critical limit for the density variables (REICHERT et al., 2009REICHERT, J.M. et al. Reference bulk density and critical degreeof-compactness for no-till crop production in subtropical highly weathered soils. Soil and Tillage Research, v.102, p.242-254, 2009. Available from: <Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167198708001025 >. Accessed: Jul. 04, 18, 2002. doi: 10.1016/j.still.2008.07.002.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar... ) and soil macroporosity (KAISER et al., 2009KAISER, D.R. et al. Least limiting water range in an oxisol profile penetrated by common bean roots under different compaction levels. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, v.33, p.845-855, 2009. Available from: <Available from: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rbcs/v33n4/09.pdf >. Accessed: Jun. 25, 2017. doi: 10.1590/S0100-06832009000400009.
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rbcs/v33n4/09.p... ).

Thumbnail

Figure 3
Distribution of soil resistance to mechanical penetration in planter using shank at 0.23 m of depth (A and E), shank at 0.13 m (B and F), double disk at 0.07 m (C and G) and raised bed+shank at 0.12 m (D and H) in compacted lowland area. Volumetric humidity in the 0-0.3 m layer of 0.29 and 0.24 m³m^-3 for 2015/16 (a, b, c and d) and 2016/17 (e, f, g and h) agricultural growing seasons respectively. Santa Maria, RS. 2017.

Thumbnail

Table 1
Initial plant population (IPP), aerial dry mass (ADM) and root dry mass (RDM) of the soybean in the phenological stages V7 and R5.1, and length (L), surface area (SA), relative volume (RV) and mean diameter (MD) of the soybean roots at the phenological stage R5.1 as a function of the use planter furrowing mechanisms in the compacted lowland area. Santa Maria, RS. 2017.

Thumbnail

Table 2
Leaf area index (LAI) and nodules dry mass (NDM) at V7 and R5.1 phenological stadiums, number of pods per plant (NPP) and grain yield of the soybean due to the use of planter furrowing mechanisms in compacted lowland area. Santa Maria, RS. 2017.

Figure 1 Density (a), total porosity (b), microporosity (c), and macroporosity (d) of the soil in the soybean seeding row due to the use of seeder mechanisms in compacted lowland area. 2015/16 growing season. Santa Maria, RS. 2017. ^* Dashed line determines the critical limit for the density variables (REICHERT et al., 2009REICHERT, J.M. et al. Reference bulk density and critical degreeof-compactness for no-till crop production in subtropical highly weathered soils. Soil and Tillage Research, v.102, p.242-254, 2009. Available from: <Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167198708001025 >. Accessed: Jul. 04, 18, 2002. doi: 10.1016/j.still.2008.07.002.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar... ) and soil macroporosity (KAISER et al., 2009KAISER, D.R. et al. Least limiting water range in an oxisol profile penetrated by common bean roots under different compaction levels. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, v.33, p.845-855, 2009. Available from: <Available from: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rbcs/v33n4/09.pdf >. Accessed: Jun. 25, 2017. doi: 10.1590/S0100-06832009000400009.
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rbcs/v33n4/09.p... ).

Figure 2 Density (a), total porosity (b), microporosity (c), and macroporosity (d) of the soil in the soybean seeding row due to the use of furrowing mechanisms in compacted lowland area. 2016/17 growing season. Santa Maria, RS. 2017. ^* Dashed line determines the critical limit for the density variables (REICHERT et al., 2009REICHERT, J.M. et al. Reference bulk density and critical degreeof-compactness for no-till crop production in subtropical highly weathered soils. Soil and Tillage Research, v.102, p.242-254, 2009. Available from: <Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167198708001025 >. Accessed: Jul. 04, 18, 2002. doi: 10.1016/j.still.2008.07.002.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar... ) and soil macroporosity (KAISER et al., 2009KAISER, D.R. et al. Least limiting water range in an oxisol profile penetrated by common bean roots under different compaction levels. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, v.33, p.845-855, 2009. Available from: <Available from: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rbcs/v33n4/09.pdf >. Accessed: Jun. 25, 2017. doi: 10.1590/S0100-06832009000400009.
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rbcs/v33n4/09.p... ).

Figure 3 Distribution of soil resistance to mechanical penetration in planter using shank at 0.23 m of depth (A and E), shank at 0.13 m (B and F), double disk at 0.07 m (C and G) and raised bed+shank at 0.12 m (D and H) in compacted lowland area. Volumetric humidity in the 0-0.3 m layer of 0.29 and 0.24 m³m^-3 for 2015/16 (a, b, c and d) and 2016/17 (e, f, g and h) agricultural growing seasons respectively. Santa Maria, RS. 2017.

Table 1 Initial plant population (IPP), aerial dry mass (ADM) and root dry mass (RDM) of the soybean in the phenological stages V7 and R5.1, and length (L), surface area (SA), relative volume (RV) and mean diameter (MD) of the soybean roots at the phenological stage R5.1 as a function of the use planter furrowing mechanisms in the compacted lowland area. Santa Maria, RS. 2017.

Treatments	--------------------------------------------2015/16 Growing Season-------------------------------------------
	IPP (plants.m-2)	---------ADM (g.plant-1)--------		-------------RDM (g.plant-1)-------------
		V7	R5.1	V7	R5.1
S (0.23 m)	26.0 ns	6.9 a^*	17 a	1.6 a	3.1 a
S (0.13 m)	25.8	6.4 a	16.1 a	1.5 a	2.9 b
Double Disk (0.07 m)	25.0	3.8 b	12.1 b	1.0 b	2.5 b
Raised bed+S (0.12 m)	25.4	7.6 a	18.9 a	1.7 a	3.5 a
Mean	25.5	6.2	16.0	1.5	3.0
CV (%)	10.3	14.6	11.3	9.5	12.9
	L (cm)	SA (cm2)		RV (cm3)	MD (mm)
S (0.23 m)	2903 a^*	431.9 b		5.19 b	0.472 c
S (0.13 m)	2484 b	393.2 b		5.03 b	0.506 b
Double Disk (0.07 m)	1382 c	242.3 c		3.42 c	0.558 a
Raised bed+S (0.12 m)	3212 a	502 a		6.44 a	0.498 b
Mean	2495.2	392.4		5.02	0.509
CV (%)	10.8	13.4		11.6	3.4
Treatments	--------------------------------------------2016/17 Growing Season-------------------------------------------
	IPP (plants.m-2)	---------ADM (g.plant-1)--------		------------RDM (g.plant-1)--------------
		V7	R5.1	V7	R5.1
S (0.23 m)	26.7 ns	7.4 a	27.6 a	1.8 a	5.2 a
S (0.13 m)	26.1	6.0 a	20.1 b	1.4 b	4.3 b
Double Disk (0.07 m)	27.8	4.7 b	15.9 b	1.3 b	4.2 b
Raised bed+S (0.12 m)	25.5	6.8 a	25.7 a	1.9 a	5.8 a
Mean	26.5	6.2	22.3	1.6	4.9
VC (%)	6.2	13.0	17.6	9.5	15.5
	L (cm)	SA (cm2)		RV (cm3)	MD (mm)
S (0.23 m)	3036 a	349.2 a		3.21 b	0.366 ns
S (0.13 m)	2519 b	305.7 b		3.03 b	0.390
Double Disk (0.07 m)	2010 b	241.5 b		2.54 c	0.382
Raised bed+S (0.12 m)	3175 a	373.8 a		3.82 a	0.378
Mean	2684.8	317.6		3.15	0.379
CV (%)	19.6	14.9		8.9	4.7

ns Not significant.; ^* Means not followed by the same letter differ from each other by the Scott-Knott test at 5% probability. (S 0.23 m) shank at 0.23 m depth; (S 0.13 m) shank at 0.13 m depth; (Raised bed+S 0.12 m) Raised bed associated to shank at depth of 0.12 m.

Table 2 Leaf area index (LAI) and nodules dry mass (NDM) at V7 and R5.1 phenological stadiums, number of pods per plant (NPP) and grain yield of the soybean due to the use of planter furrowing mechanisms in compacted lowland area. Santa Maria, RS. 2017.

Treatments	--------------------------------------------2015/16 Growing Season----------------------------------------
	--------LAI (m2.m-2)--------		--------NDM (g.plant1)------		NPP	Yield (kg.ha-1)
	V7	R5.1	V7	R5.1
S (0.23 m)	2.37 a^*	4.11 a	0.241 a	0.789 a	38.8 a	3440 a
S (0.13 m)	2.16 a	3.80 a	0.239 a	0.800 a	34.6 b	3197 b
Double Disk (0.07 m)	1.36 b	2.70 b	0.123 b	0.562 b	31.2 b	2991 b
Raised bed+S (0.12 m)	2.49 a	4.19 a	0.200 a	0.854 a	38.6 a	3513 a
Mean	2.09	3.70	0.201	0.751	35.8	3285
CV (%)	9.1	14.5	21.1	10.2	10.2	6.4
Treatments	----------------------------------------2016/17 Growing Season--------------------------------------------
	--------LAI (m2.m-2)--------		-------NDM (g.plant-1)------		NPP	Yield (kg.ha-1)
	V7	R5.1	V7	R5.1
S (0.23 m)	2.73 a	6.18 a	0.288 a	1.401 a	54.1 a	4563 a
S (0.13 m)	1.79 b	4.48 b	0.215 b	0.983 b	43.1 b	3976 b
Double Disk (0.07 m)	1.52 b	4.07 b	0.137 c	0.946 b	43.1 b	3504 c
Raised bed+S (0.12 m)	2.11 b	5.76 a	0.203 b	1.472 a	59.6 a	4329 a
Mean	2.04	5.12	0.211	1.20	50.0	4093
CV (%)	17.4	16.7	16.2	14.0	8.9	6.1

^*Means not followed by the same letter differ from each other by the Scott-Knott test, at 5% probability. (S 0.23 m) shank at 0.23 m depth; (S 0.13 m) shank at 0.13 m depth; (Raised bed+S 0.12 m) Raised bed associated to shank at depth of 0.12 m.

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Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Centro de Ciências Rurais , 97105-900 Santa Maria RS Brazil , Tel.: +55 55 3220-8698 , Fax: +55 55 3220-8695 - Santa Maria - RS - Brazil
E-mail: cienciarural@mail.ufsm.br

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[1] E-mail: lucas_l_c@hotmail.com. ^*Corresponding author