Prevalence of phonological disorders and phonological processes in typical and atypical phonological development

Ceron, Marizete Ilha; Gubiani, Marileda Barichello; Oliveira, Camila Rosa de; Gubiani, Marieli Barichello; Keske-Soares, Márcia

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Original Articles • CoDAS 29 (3) • 2017 • https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-1782/20172015306 copy

Prevalence of phonological disorders and phonological processes in typical and atypical phonological development

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Purpose

To determine the occurrence of phonological disorders by age, gender and school type, and analyze the phonological processes observed in typical and atypical phonological development across different age groups.

Methods

The sample consisted of 866 children aged between 3:0 and 8:11 years, recruited from public and private schools in the city of Santa Maria/RS. A phonological evaluation was performed to analyze the operative phonological processes.

Results

15.26% (n = 132) of the sample presented atypical phonological acquisition (phonological disorders). Phonological impairments were more frequent in public school students across all age groups. Phonological alterations were most frequent between ages 4 -to 6, and more prevalent in males than females in all but the youngest age group. The most common phonological processes in typical phonological acquisition were: cluster reduction; nonlateral liquid deletion in coda; nonlateral liquid substitution in onset; semivocalization of lateral liquids in coda; and unstressed syllable deletion. In children with phonological disorders, the most common phonological processes were: lateral and nonlateral liquid substitution in onset position; nonlateral liquid deletion; fronting of fricatives in onset position; unstressed syllable deletion; semivocalization of nonlateral liquid in coda; and nonlateral liquid deletion in coda position.

Conclusion

Phonological processes were highly prevalent in the present sample, and occurred more often in boys than in girls. Information regarding the type and frequency of phonological processes in both typical phonological acquisition and phonological disorders may contribute to early diagnosis and increase the efficiency of treatment planning.

Keywords
Articulation Disorders; Child; Speech; Speech Disorders; Epidemiology

Age (years old)	Type of school								Total
	Public				Private				Total
	N	n	n¹	P¹	N	n	n¹	P¹	N	n	n¹	P¹
3;0	45	39	6	13.33	61	58	3	4.92	106	97	9	8.49
4;0	57	44	13	22.80	70	56	14	20.00	127	100	27	21.26
5;0	95	75	20	21.05	75	60	15	20.00	170	135	35	20.59
6;0	75	53	22	29.33	135	118	17	12.59	210	171	39	18.57
7;0	60	54	6	10.00	84	76	8	9.52	144	130	14	9.72
8;0	54	46	8	14.81	55	54	1	1.82	109	100	9	8.26
Total	386	311	75	19.43	480	422	58	12.08	866	733	133	15.36

Age (years old)	Gender								Total
	Male				Female				Total
	N	n	n¹	P¹	N	n	n¹	P¹	N	n	n¹	P¹
3;0	49	47	2	4.08	57	50	7	12.28	106	97	9	8.49
4;0	61	47	14	22.95	66	53	13	19.70	127	100	27	21.26
5;0	78	58	20	25.64	92	77	15	16.30	170	135	35	20.59
6;0	101	78	23	22.77	108	92	16	14.81	209	171	39	18.66
7;0	71	59	12	16.90	74	72	2	2.70	145	130	14	9.66
8;0	51	43	8	15.69	58	57	1	1.72	109	100	9	8.26
Total	411	332	79	19.22	455	401	54	11.87	866	733	133	15.36

Age (years old)	3;0 (n=97)		4;0 (n=100)		5;0 (n=135)		6;0 (n=170)		7;0 (n=131)		8;0 (n=100)		Total (n=733)
Phonological Process	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%
*Onset*
CR (stop + l)	87	89.80	63	63.00	66	48.89	32	18.82	27	20.61	11	11.00	286	39.02
CR (stop + r)	86	88.78	56	56.00	26	19.26	1	0.59	1	0.76	-	-	170	23.19
CR (fricative + l)	85	87.76	69	69.00	60	44.44	31	18.24	8	6.11	5	5.00	258	35.20
CR (fricative + r)	83	85.71	50	50.00	40	29.63	10	5.88	7	5.34	2	2.00	192	26.19
Lateral liquid substitution	46	46.94	50	50.00	66	48.89	49	28.82	23	17.56	11	11.00	245	33.42
Nonlateral liquid substitution	53	55.10	15	15.00	2	1.48	-	-	-	-	-	-	70	9.55
Semivocalization of lateral liquid	19	19.39	2	2.00	1	0.74	-	-	-	-	-	-	22	3.00
Semivocalization of nonlateral liquid	25	25.51	4	4.00	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	29	3.96
Nonlateral liquid deletion	37	37.76	8	8.00	-	-	1	0.59	-	-	-	-	46	6.28
Lateral liquid deletion	21	21.43	2	2.00	1	0.74	-	-	-	-	-	-	24	3.27
	2	2.04	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	2	0.27
Unstressed, pre-stress syllable deletion	50	52.04	22	22.00	15	11.11	5	2.94	2	1.53	-	-	94	12.82
*Coda*
Semivocalization of nonlateral liquid	50	52.04	15	15.00	3	2.22	1	0.59	1	0.76	1	1.00	71	9.69
Nonlateral liquid deletion	66	68.37	23	23.00	6	4.44	3	1.76	1	0.76	1	1.00	100	13.64
Lateral liquid deletion	11	11.22	4	4.00	1	0.74	2	1.18	-	-	-	-	18	2.46
Nasal deletion	5	5.10	2	2.00	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	7	0.95
Fricative deletion	32	32.65	5	5.00	1	0.74	-	-	-	-	-	-	38	5.18
Frication	1	1.02	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1	0.14
Devoicing of stops	3	3.06	-	-	1	0.74	-	-	-	-	-	-	4	0.55
Devoicing of fricatives	5	5.10	2	2.00	1	0.74	1	0.59	2	1.53	2	2.00	13	1.77

Age (years old)	3;0 (n=9)		4;0 (n=27)		5;0 (n=35)		6;0 (n=39)		7;0 (n=14)		8;0 (n=9)		Total (n=133)
Phonological Process	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	n	%	n	%	n	%	n
*Onset*
CR (stop + l)	8	88.89	25	92.59	26	74.29	29	74.36	9	64.29	6	66.67	103	77.44
CR (stop + r)	9	100	24	88.89	28	80.00	28	71.79	11	78.57	6	66.67	106	79.70
CR (fricative + l)	9	100	26	96.30	28	80.00	30	76.92	8	57.14	4	44.44	105	78.95
CR (fricative + l)	9	100	24	88.89	31	88.57	24	61.54	8	57.14	7	77.78	103	77.44
Nasal substitution	-	-	1	3.7	-	-	1	2.56	-	-	-	-	2	1.50
Lateral liquid substitution	6	66.67	13	48.15	17	48.57	22	56.41	6	42.86	6	66.67	70	52.63
Nonlateral liquid substitution	9	100	19	70.37	17	48.57	13	33.33	3	21.43	2	22.22	63	47.37
Semivocalization of lateral liquid	4	44.44	7	25.93	6	17.14	5	12.82	-	-	-	-	22	16.54
Semivocalization of nonlateral liquid	5	55.56	6	22.22	7	20.00	6	15.00	1	7.14	-	-	25	18.80
Nonlateral liquid deletion	7	77.78	12	46.15	11	31.43	8	20.51	3	21.43	1	11.11	42	31.58
Lateral liquid deletion	4	44.44	9	33.33	4	11.43	3	7.69	-	-	-	-	20	15.04
Nasal deletion	1	11.11	1	3.70	2	5.71	1	2.56	-	-	-	-	5	3.75
Unstressed, pre-stress syllable deletion	6	66.67	7	25.93	5	14.29	11	28.21	-	-	2	22.22	31	23.31
Stops backing	2	22.22	1	3.70	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	3	2.25
Fricatives backing	2	22.22	7	25.93	3	8.57	5	12.50	-	-	1	11.11	18	13.53
Stops fronting	7	77.78	3	11.11	1	2.86	2	5.13	-	-	-	-	13	9.77
Fricatives fronting	7	77.78	12	44.44	17	48.57	10	25.64	3	21.43	4	44.44	53	39.84
Stopping	2	22.22	2	7.41	2	5.71	1	2.56	-	-	1	11.11	8	6.01
Frication	-	-	2	7.41	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	2	1.50
Devoicing of stops	2	22.22	1	3.70	3	8.57	2	5.13	1	7.14	3	33.33	12	9.02
Devoicing of fricatives	3	33.33	5	18.52	10	28.57	6	15.38	3	21.43	4	44.44	31	23.31
Assimilation	1	11.11	-	-	-	-	1	2.56	-	-	-	-	2	1.50
Affrication	1	11.11	2	7.41	-	-	2	5.13	-	-	-	-	5	3.76
*Coda*
Semivocalization of nonlateral liquid	8	88.89	14	53.85	18	51.43	13	33.33	2	14.29	1	11.11	56	42.10
Nonlateral liquid deletion	8	88.89	17	62.96	20	57.14	18	46.15	3	21.43	1	11.11	67	50.37
Lateral liquid deletion	4	44.44	3	11.11	4	11.43	1	2.56	-	-	1	11.11	13	9.77
	3	33.33	-	-	1	2.86	-	-	-	-	-	-	4	3.01
	5	55.56	9	33.33	6	17.14	3	7.69	-	-	-	-	23	17.29

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[1] Conflict of interests: nothing to declare.