Do gender and age influence hard palate dimensions? A systematic review

Berwig, Luana Cristina; Marquezan, Mariana; Milanesi, Jovana de Moura; Montenegro, Márlon Munhoz; Ardenghi, Thiago Machado; Toniolo da Silva, Ana Maria

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Systematic Review • CoDAS 30 (5) • 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-1782/20182017216 copy

Do gender and age influence hard palate dimensions? A systematic review

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Purpose

Analyze the influence of gender and age on hard palate dimensions and verify the reference parameters available in the literature.

Research strategies

Two reviewers independently performed a search at the Cochrane Library, PubMed-Medline and Web of Knowledge databases using descriptors according to the syntax rules of each database.

Selection criteria

Observational or experimental human studies evaluating the dimensions of the hard palate or maxillary dental arch, with at least one transverse, vertical or sagittal plane measurement, in normal occlusions or class I malocclusions, and comparisons of the dimensions between genders and/or ages.

Data analysis

Descriptive analysis with the following subdivisions: design, sample, evaluation instruments, measurements in millimeters, and statistical analysis. Quality of the included studies was verified by the Newcastle - Ottawa Quality scale.

Results

Eighteen studies were selected and 11 presented results for hard palate or maxillary dental arch dimensions according to gender, six in age and gender and one in age only.

Conclusion

The dimensions were larger in males and progressive increase in the measurements was observed from birth to the permanent dentition period.

Keywords
Palate, Hard; Measures; Evaluation; Review; Gender; Age Groups

Database	Descriptors
Cochrane Library http://cochrane.bvsalud.org/portal/php/index.php	(palat* or “dental arch”) and measure* or height or depth or width or dimension) and (Korkhaus or compass or caliper or cone-beam or cast) and (“age groups” or age or sex or gender dimorphism or not (deformities or airway or cleft or implant).
PubMed-Medline http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed	(palat* or “dental arch”) and measure* or height or depth or width or dimension) and (Korkhaus or compass or caliper or cone-beam or cast) and (“age groups” or age or sex or gender dimorphism or not (deformities or airway or “Cleft Palate or cleft or implant” or “mini” or miniscrew implant or thickness). Filter was checked for studies using HUMANS.
Web of Knowledge http://apps.webofknowledge.com	(palat* or “dental arch”) and (measure* or height or depth or width or dimension) and (Korkhaus or compass or caliper or cone-beam or cast) and (“age groups” or age or sex or dimorphism or gender) not (deformities or airway or “Cleft Palate” or cleft or implant or “mini implant” or miniscrew or thickness).

Author, year, country	Sample	Instruments	Measurements in males millimeters (mm)	Measurements in females millimeters (mm)	Statistical analysis
Mina et al.⁽¹²12 Mina M, Borzabadi-Farahani A, Tehranchi A, Nouri M, Younessian F. Mathematical beta function formulation for maxillary arch form prediction in normal occlusion population. Odontology. 2016;105(2):229-36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10266-016-0244-7. PMid:27167385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10266-016-02... ⁾ Iran	54 subjects	Scanned model:	1M.Wi.bg=58.93	1M.Wi.bg=57.06	N.S. Between genders
	M=25 F=29	Scanned model:	1M.Wi.bg=58.93	1M.Wi.bg=57.06
	12 to 16 years	-Measures in 3D image with software	1M.Le=32.42	1M.Le=30.82
	Mean age: 14 years	-Measures in 3D image with software	1M.Le=32.42	1M.Le=30.82
Patel and Daruwala⁽¹³13 Patel MN, Daruwala NR. Appraisal of dental arch dimension in Gujarati males and females. Adv Hum Biol. 2015;5(3):61-7. ⁾	60 subjects	Scanned model:	C.Wi.cus=34.97^a	C.Wi.cus=33.14^a	Equal Letters: differences between genders
India	M=30 F=30	- Measures in 3D image with software	2M.Wi.dbc=58.84^b	2M.Wi.dbc=55.99^b
	18-25 years		C.Le=8.47^c	C.Le=7.86^c
			2M.Le=42.54^d	2M.Le=40.87^d
Shahid et al.⁽¹⁴14 Shahid F, Alam MK, Khamis MF, Honda Y, Sugita Y, Maeda H. Geomorphometrics of tooth size and arch dimension analysis by conventional digital caliper and digital stereomicroscope to establish standard norms for the pakistani population. J Hard Tissue Biol. 2015;24(2):155-68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2485/jhtb.24.155. http://dx.doi.org/10.2485/jhtb.24.155 ... ⁾ Pakistan	128 subjects	Plaster cast:	Digital caliper:	Digital caliper:	Equal Letters: differences between genders
	18-24 years	- Digital caliper	C.Wi.cus=35.99^a	C.Wi.cus=34.24^a
		Scanned model:	1PM.Wi.bc=43.37^b	1PM.Wi.bc=41.99^b
		-SM technique	2PM.Wi.bc=48.97^c	2PM.Wi.bc=47.04^c
			1M.Wi.mbc=53.97^d	1M.Wi.mbc=52.16^d
			SM technique:	SM technique:
			C.W.cus=35.99^e	C.W.cus=34.26^e
			1PM.Wi.bc=43.37^f	1PM.Wi.bc=42.00^f
			2PM.Wi.bc=48.97^g	2PM.Wi.bc=47.04^g
			1M.Wi.mbc=53.97^h	1M.Wi.mbc=52.15^h
Hasegawa et al.⁽¹⁵15 Hasegawa Y, Amarsaikhan B, Chinvipas N, Tsukada SI, Terada K, Uzuka S, et al. Comparison of mesiodistal tooth crown diameters and arch dimensions between modern Mongolians and Japanese. Odontology. 2014;102(2):167-75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10266-013-0130-5. PMid:24026430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10266-013-01... ⁾	100 subjects from Mongolia:	Plaster cast:	Mongolians:	Mongolians:	Equal letters: differences between genders
Japan	M=50 F=50	-Digital caliper	C.Wi.g=26.37^a	C.Wi.g= 25.37^a
	Mean age:		1PM.Wi.g=30.97^b	1PM.Wi.g=29.55^b
	20.8 years		1M.Wi.g=40.69^c	1M.Wi.g=38.32^c
	100 subjects from Japan		1M.Wi.cf=51.58^d	1M.Wi.cf=49.11^d
	M=50 F=50		1M.Le= 32.32	1M.Le= 31.93
	Mean age:		1M.LeB=32.80^e	1M.LeB=34.73^e
	20 years		1PM.WiB= 49.35^f	1PM.WiB=47.47^f
			Japanese:	Japanese:
			C.Wi.g=26.45^g	C.Wi.g= 22.96^g
			1PM.Wi.g=30.12^h	1PM.Wi.g=27.38^h
			1M.Wi.g =38.68ⁱ	1M.Wi.g=35.57ⁱ
			1M.Wi.cf= 49.85^j	1M.Wi.cf=43.54^j
			1M.Le= 33.97^l	1M.Le= 30.28^l
			1PM=30.82	BL.1PM=31.32
			1PM.WiB: 46.52^m	1PM.WiB=40.41^m
Ahn et al.⁽¹⁶16 Ahn JS, Park MS, Cha HS, Song HC, Park YS. Three-dimensional interpretation of intercanine width change in children: a 9-year longitudinal study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2012;142(3):323-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2012.04.012. PMid:22920698. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2012.... ⁾	66 subjects	Scanned model:	C.Wi.cus:	C.Wi.cus:	Equal letters: differences between genders
South Korea	M=16 F=50	- Measures in 3D image with software	6 years =32.33	6 years =32.11
	6-14 years		8 years =34.33	8 years =33.97
			9 years =32.92	9 years =33.69
			10 years =33.77	10 years =35.14
			11 years =33.53
			C.Wi.cus:	C.Wi.cus:
				8 years =34.30
			9 years =39.58	9 years =35.14
			10 years =38.36^a	10 years =35.78^a
			11 years =37.45	11 years =35.85
			12 years =37.30^b	12 years =35.75^b
			13 years =37.24^c	13 years =35.70^c
			14 years =37.15^d	14 years =35.58^d
Celebi et al.⁽¹⁷17 Celebi AA, Tan E, Gelgor IE. Determination and application of Pont’s Index in Turkish Population. Sci World J. 2012;2012:1-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/494623. PMid:22654616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/494623 ... ⁾	142 subjects:	Plaster cast:	1PM.Wi.cg=35.95	1PM.Wi.cg=35.56	N.S. Between genders
Turkey	M=64 F=78	-Digital caliper	1M.Wi.cf=46.25	1M.Wi.cf=45.18
Turkey	14-15 years
Heikinhei-mo et al.⁽¹⁸18 Heikinheimo K, Nystrom M, Heikinheimo T, Pirttiniemi P, Pirinen S. Dental arch width, overbite, and overjet in a Finnish population with normal occlusion between the ages of 7 and 32 years. Eur J Orthod. 2012;34(4):418-26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/cjr025. PMid:21357654. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/cjr025 ... ⁾	33 subjects:	Plaster cast:	C.Wi.cus:	C.Wi.cus:	Descriptive analysis
Finland	M=15 F=18	-Digital caliper	7 years =32.49	7 years =32.51
	Assessed at 7, 10, 12, 15 and 32 years		10 years =33.89	10 years =33.52
			12 years =35.76	12 years =33.73
			15 years =35.85	15 years =34.16
			32 years =35.41	32 years =33.88
			C.Wi.g:	C.Wi.g:
			7 years =25.70	7 years =25.63
			10 years =26.26	10 years =26.32
			12 years =26.02	12 years =24.96
			15 years =25.66	15 years =24.95
			32 years =24.91	32 years =24.54
			1PM.Wi.lc:	1PM.Wi.lc:
			7 years =31.42	7 years =31.25
			10 years =31.67	10 years =31.83
			12 years =31.44	12 years =31.04
			15 years =31.68	15 years =30.99
			32 years =31.04	32 years =30.81
			2PM.Wi.lc:	2PM.Wi.lc:
			7 years =35.93	7 years =35.34
			10 years =36.22	10 years =35.95
			12 years =36.67	12 years =36.32
			15 years =36.70	15 years =35.92
			32 years =35.91	32 years =35.67
			1M.Wi.mlc:	1M.Wi.mlc:
			7 years =40.26	7 years =39.87
			10 years =41.10	10 years =40.72
			12 years =41.71	12 years =41.14
			15 years =41.89	15 years =40.94
			32 years =41.03	32 years =40.24
			1M.Wi.dlc	1M.Wi.dlc
			7 years =41.80	7 years =40.97
			10 years =42.94	10 years =42.29
			12 years =43.09	12 years =42.79
			15 years =43.41	15 years =42.41
			32 years =42.99	32 years =41.98
			1M.Wi.g:	1M.Wi.g:
			7 years =32.96	7 years =32.96
			10 years =33.76	10 years =33.95
			12 years =34.72	12 years =34.70
			15 years =35.37	15 years =34.78
			32 years =35.31	32 years =34.72
Kumar e Nandlal⁽¹⁹19 Kumar SS, Nandlal B. Effects of asthma and inhalation corticosteroids on the dental arch morphology in children. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2012;30(3):242-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0970-4388.105018. PMid:23263429. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0970-4388.105... ⁾ India	Control group: 44 subjects	Plaster cast:	1M.Wi.mbc	1M.Wi.mbc	Descriptive analysis
	M=24	-Digital caliper	6-8 years = 48.15	6-8 years = 46.40
	- 10 subjects aged 6 to 8	-Dial caliper with palatal height gauge	10-12 years = 51.21	10-12 years = 52.89
	- 14 subjects aged 10 to 12		1M.Le	1M.Le
	F=20		6-8 years = 26.18	6-8 years = 24.40
	- 7 subjects aged 6 to 8		10-12 years = 30.89	10-12 years = 30.77
	- 13 subjects aged 10 to 12		1M.De	1M.De
			6-8 years = 13.68	6-8 years = 12.9
			10-12 years = 15.78	10-12 years = 15.93
Rastegar-Lari et al.⁽²⁰20 Rastegar-Lari T, Al-Azemi R, Thalib L, Artun J. Dental arch dimensions of adolescent Kuwaitis with untreated ideal occlusion: variation and validity of proposed expansion indexes. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2012;142(5):635-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2012.05.018. PMid:23116504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2012.... ⁾ Kuwait	143 subjects:	Plaster cast:	C.Wi.cus=34.91	C.Wi.cus=33.63	Equal letters: differences between genders
	M=69 F=74	-Digital caliper	1PM.Wi.dg=38.4	1PM.Wi.dg=36.63
	13-14 years		1M.Wi.mbc=52.39	1M.Wi.mbc=50.31
			1M.Wi.cf=48.44	1M.Wi.cf=46.11
			1M.W.g=36.08	1M.W.g=34.95
			1PM.Le=28.43^a	1PM.Le=27.45^a
Ribeiro et al.⁽²¹1 Felício CM, Folha GA, Ferreira CL, Medeiros AP. Expanded protocol of orofacial myofunctional evaluation with scores: validity and reliability. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2010;74(11):1230-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2010.07.021. PMid:20800294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2010... ⁾	19 subjects:	Scanned model:	There was no comparison between males and females		Equal letters: significant difference between Time 1 and Time 2
Brazil	M=7 F=12	-Measures in 3D image with software	C.Wi.cus:
	Time 1:		Time 1=30.94^a
	6-8.6 years		Time 2=34.15^a
	Time 2:		1M.Wi.cf:
	10.10-14.2 years		Time 1=46;15^b
			Time 2=48.31^b

Al-Khatib et al.⁽²²22 Al-Khatib AR, Rajion ZA, Masudi SM, Hassan R, Anderson PJ, Townsend GC. Tooth size and dental arch dimensions: a stereophotogrammetric study in Southeast Asian Malays. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2011;14(4):243-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-6343.2011.01529.x. PMid:22008304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-6343.2... ⁾ Malaysia	252 subjects:	Scanned model:	C.Wi.cus	C.Wi.cus	Descriptive analysis for ages
	M=126 F=126	--Measures in 3D image with software	13-14 years=35.4	13-14 years = 34.1	Equal letters: differences between genders
	3 age groups		15-17 years = 35.4	15-17 years = 34.3
	13-14 years		18-30 years = 35.2 1PM.Wi.bc	18-30 years = 34.1 1PM.Wi.bc
	15-17 years		13-14 years = 42.9	13-14 years = 41.6
	18-30 years		15-17 years=43.4	15-17 years = 42.3
			18-30 years = 43.6	18-30 years = 42.0
			2PM.Wi.bc	2PM.Wi.bc
			13-14 years = 49.4	13-14 years = 47.0
			15-17 years = 49.7	15-17 years = 47.6
			18-30 years = 49.1	18-30 years = 47.1
			1M.Wi.mbc	1M.Wi.mbc
			13-14 years = 54.1	13-14 years = 51.5
			15-17 years = 54.8	15-17 years = 52.4
			18-30 years = 54.3	18-30 years = 51.9
			C.Wi.cus=35.30^a	C.Wi.cus=34.10^a
			1PM.Wi.bc=43.30^b	1PM.Wi.bc=42.00^b
			2PM.Wi.bc=49.4^c	2PM.Wi.bc= 47.2^c
			1M.Wi.mbc=54.4^d	1M.Wi.mbc=51.9^d
Louly et al.⁽²³23 Louly F, Nouer PRA, Janson G, Pinzan A. Dental arch dimensions in the mixed dentition: a study of Brazilian children from 9 to 12 years of age. J Appl Oral Sci. 2011;19(2):169-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1678-77572011000200014. PMid:21552719. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1678-7757201... ⁾ Brazil	66 subjects	Plaster cast:	C.Wi.cus:	C.Wi.cus:	Equal letters: differences between genders
	M=29 F=37	-Digital caliper	9 years =27.99	9 years =27.04
	9-12 years	-Three-dimensional Korkhaus compass	10 years =26.72	10 years =26.73
			11 years =26.56	11 years =26.91
			12 years =26.51	12 years =25.78
			1PM.Wi.cg:	1PM.Wi.cg
			9 years =36.89	9 years =35.89
			10 years =35.28	10 years =36.06
			11 years =35.57	11 years =36.14
			12 years =36.48	12 years =36.47
			1M.Wi.cg:	1M.Wi.cg:
			9 years =48.06	9 years = 45.74
			10 years =46.69	10 years =48.05
			11 years =47.14	11 years =48.47
			12 years =48.93	12 years =47.61
			2M.Wi.cf:	2M.Wi.cf:
			10 years =50.70	10 years =52.16
			11 years =52.02	11 years =52.98
			12 years =53.44	12 years =53.56
			Max.D.o: 9 years =11.0	Max.D.o: 9 years: 9.40
			10 years =11.71^a	10 years: 9.72^a
			11 years =11.0	11 years: 10.84
			12 years =12.20	12 years: 10.87
			1M.Le:	1M.Le:
			9 years =40.00	9 years =38.40
			10 years =39.00	10 years =39.36
			11 years =39.05	11 years =39.76
			12 years: 40.45	12 years =39.87
			C.Le:	C.Le:
			9 years =14.50	9 years =13.30
			10 years =13.57	10 years =14.09
			11 years =14.27	11 years =14.63
			12 years =15.37	12 years =15.12
			1M.Le-C.Le:	1M.L-C.Le:
			9 years =25.5	9 years =25.10
			10 years =24.42	10 years =25.27
			11 years =24.77	11 years =25.13
			12 years =25.08	12 years =24.75
Lombardo et al.⁽²⁴24 Lombardo L, Saba L, Scuzzo G, Takemoto K, Oteo L, Palma JC, et al. A new concept of anatomic lingual arch form. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2010;138(3):260.e1-13, discussion 260-1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2010.04.022. PMid:20816292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2010.... ⁾ Italian and Spain	58 southern European subjects:	Scanned model:	C.Wi.g=27.1	C.W.g=26.6	N.S. Between genders
	M=21 F=37	-Measures in 2D image with software	1M.Wi.g=36.7	1M.W.g=36.9
	19-70 years		2M.Wi.g=42.2	2M.W.g=42.4
			C.Le.g= 6.9	C.Le.g=6.6
			1M.Le.g=29.3	1M.L.g=28.9
			2M.Le.g=38.5	2M.Le.g=42.1
Slaj et al.⁽²⁵25 Slaj M, Spalj S, Pavlin D, Illes D, Slaj M. Dental archforms in dentoalveolar Class I, II and III. Angle Orthod. 2010;80(5):919-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/112609-672.1. PMid:20578864. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/112609-672.1 ... ⁾ Croatia	43 subjects	Scanned model:	C.Wi.buc= 37.51	C.Wi.cus=36.38	Descriptive analysis
	Angle Class I	-Measures in 3D image with software	1M.Wi.buc=56.22	1M.Wi.buc=54.37
	M=19 F=24		1M.Le=9.50	1M.Le=8.59
	15-18 years		1M.L =32.48	1M.L =30.96
Arslan et al.⁽²⁶26 Arslan SG, Kama JD, Sahin S, Hamamci O. Longitudinal changes in dental arches from mixed to permanent dentition in a Turkish population. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2007;132(5):15-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2007.06.009. PMid:18005825. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2007.... ⁾ Turkey	65 subjects	Plaster cast:	C.Wi.cus=31.97	C.Wi.cus=31.29	Equal letters: differences between genders
	M=29 F=36	- Digital caliper	1PM.Wi.cg=35.55^a	1PM.Wi.cg=34.43^a
	Mean age:		1M.Wi.cf=45.84^b	1M.Wi.cf=44.15^b
	M= 9.44 years		1M.Le=28.16	1M.Le=26.88
	F=9.74 years
Tsai and Tan⁽²⁷27 Tsai HH, Tan CT. Morphology of the palatal vault of primary dentition in transverse view. Angle Orthod. 2004;74(6):774-9. PMid:15673140. ⁾ China	150 Taiwanese children	Picture of model:	2m.Wi.g.R=14.66^a	2m.Wi.g.R=14.18^a	Equal letters: differences between genders
	M=78 F=72	Picture of model:	2m.Wi.g.L=15.42^b	2m.Wi.g.L=14.68^b
	4-5 years	-Measures taken with software	2m.De.g=10.77	2m.De.g=10.67
		-Measures taken with software	2m.Wi.mlc=34.73^c	2m.Wi.mlc=33.18^c
Hsu⁽²⁸28 Hsu BS. The nature of arch width difference and palatal depth of the anterior open bite. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1998;113(3):344-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0889-5406(98)70307-5. PMid:9517728. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0889-5406(98... ⁾ Taiwan	Control group	Width: Photocopied and printed image of the occlusal face of the cast	1M.Wi.cf=49.81	1M.Wi.cf=48.73	Descriptive analysis
	M= 30	Depth: Model cut at the level of the central fossa of the 1st molars and distal base copied and printed	1PM.Wi.dg= 32.91	1PM.Wi.dg= 32.09
	12.8-18.3 years	- Measurements on printed sheets with digital caliper	1M.De= 20.66	1M.De= 20.99
	(Mean 14.3)
	F=30
	12.9-19.1 years
	(Mean 14.4)
Bishara et al.⁽²⁹29 Bishara SE, Jakobsen JR, Treder J, Nowak A. Arch width changes from 6 weeks to 45 years of age. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1997;111(4):401-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0889-5406(97)80022-4. PMid:9109585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0889-5406(97... ⁾ United States	Two groups:	Dental casts:	Anterior.Wi,g:	Anterior.Wi,g:	Equal letters:
	6 weeks - 2 years	- Dial caliper (Dial caliper)	6 weeks=26.3^a	6 weeks: 25.3^l	Significant difference between ages
	M=33 F=28		1 year=28.6^a,b	1 year: 27.3^l,m	Difference between genders in all ages
	Assessments with 6 weeks, 1 and 2 years		2 years =30.5^b	2 years: 29.3^m
	3-45 years		Posterior.Wi.g:	Posterior.Wi.g:
	M=15 F=15		6 weeks: 27.4^c	6 weeks=26.9ⁿ
	Assessments at 3, 5, 8, 13, 26 and 45 years		1 year=30.1^c,d	1 year=29.1^n,o
			2 years =32.7^d	2 years=30.8^o
			c.Wi.cus or C.Wi.cus:	c.Wi.cus or C.Wi.cus:
			3 years=28.8^e	3 years=27.4^p
			5 years=30.3^e,f	5 years=28.4^p,q
			8 years=32.5^f,g	8 years=30.7^q,r
			13 years=35.1^g	13 years=33.1^r
			26 years =34.0	26 years=32.3^s
			45 years =33.7	45 years=31.9^s
			2m.Wi.mbc or 1M.Wi.mbc:	2m.Wi.mbc or 1M.Wi.mbc:
			3 years=40.9^h	3 years=39.3^t
			5 years= 43.5^h,i	5 years=40.8^t,u
			8 years=51.0^i,j	8 years=48.1^u,v
			13 years=53.4^j	13 years=50.1^v,x
			26 years =53.6	26 years=48.3^x
			45 years = 53.4	45 years =48.4

Author year	Description of measurements in the maxillary dental arch according to the selected papers	Standardized nomenclature and abbreviations used in this Review
Mina et al. ⁽ ¹²12 Mina M, Borzabadi-Farahani A, Tehranchi A, Nouri M, Younessian F. Mathematical beta function formulation for maxillary arch form prediction in normal occlusion population. Odontology. 2016;105(2):229-36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10266-016-0244-7. PMid:27167385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10266-016-02... ⁾	1. Intermolar width: distance between the buccal grooves of the 1st permanent molars. 2. Molar depth: distance between the contact point of the central incisors and the line connecting the 1st permanent molars.	1. Width of the maxillary 1st molar between the buccal grooves (1M.Wi.bg). 2. 1st molar length: (1M.Le)
Patel and Daruwala ⁽ ¹³13 Patel MN, Daruwala NR. Appraisal of dental arch dimension in Gujarati males and females. Adv Hum Biol. 2015;5(3):61-7. ⁾	1. Intercanine width: distance between canine cusps. 2. Width between 2nd molars: distance between the distobuccal cusps of the 2nd molars. 3. Canine depth: distance between the contact point of the central incisors and the line connecting the canine cusps. 4. 2nd molar depth: distance between the contact point of the central incisors and the line connecting the distobuccal cusps of the 2nd molars.	1. Maxillary canine width between cusps (C.Wi.cus). 2. Maxillary 2nd molar width between the distobuccal cusps (2M.Wi.dbc). 3. Maxillary canine length (C.Le). 4. Maxillary 2nd molar length (2M.Le).
Shahid et al. ⁽ ¹⁴14 Shahid F, Alam MK, Khamis MF, Honda Y, Sugita Y, Maeda H. Geomorphometrics of tooth size and arch dimension analysis by conventional digital caliper and digital stereomicroscope to establish standard norms for the pakistani population. J Hard Tissue Biol. 2015;24(2):155-68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2485/jhtb.24.155. http://dx.doi.org/10.2485/jhtb.24.155 ... ⁾	1. Intercanine width: distance between canine cusps. 2. Length between 1st premolars: distance between the buccal cusps of the 1st premolars. 3. Length between 2nd premolars: distance between the buccal cusps of the 2nd premolars. 4. Width between 1st molars: distance between the mesiobuccal cusps of the 1st molars.	1. Maxillary canine width between cusps (C.Wi.cus). 2. Width of the 1st maxillary premolar between the buccal cusps (1PM.Wi.bc). 3. Width of the 2nd maxillary premolar between the buccal cusps (2PM.Wi.bc). 4. Width of the 1st molar maxillary between the mesiobuccal cusps (1M.Wi.mbc).
Hasegawa et al. ⁽ ¹⁵15 Hasegawa Y, Amarsaikhan B, Chinvipas N, Tsukada SI, Terada K, Uzuka S, et al. Comparison of mesiodistal tooth crown diameters and arch dimensions between modern Mongolians and Japanese. Odontology. 2014;102(2):167-75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10266-013-0130-5. PMid:24026430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10266-013-01... ⁾	1. Intercanine lingual: distance between the canines at the intersection of the gingival rim and the long axis of the tooth. 2. Interpremolar lingual: distance between the 1st premolars at the intersection of the gingival rim and the long axis of the tooth. 3. Intermolar lingual: distance between 1st molars at the gingival level of the lingual groove. 4. Intermolar central: distance between the central fossa of the 1st molars. 5. Coronal arch length: measured between the most anterior point of the gingiva in the mesial contact area of the central incisors and the most distal point of the 1st molars. 6. Basal arch length: measured between the distal point of the 1st molars and the most anterior point of the basal arch. 7. Basal arch width: measured between the most concave point of the basal bone in the area of the 1st premolars.	1. Canine width between points at the gingival level (C.Wi.g). 2. Width of the 1st premolar between points at the gingival level (1PM.Wi.g). 3. Width of the 1st molar between points at the gingival level (1M.Wi.g). 4. Width of the maxillary 1st molar between the central fossa (1M.Wi.cf). 5. 1st molar length (1M.Le). 6. Basal arch length (1M.LeB). 7. Basal length (1PM.WiB).
Ahn et al. ⁽ ¹⁶16 Ahn JS, Park MS, Cha HS, Song HC, Park YS. Three-dimensional interpretation of intercanine width change in children: a 9-year longitudinal study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2012;142(3):323-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2012.04.012. PMid:22920698. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2012.... ⁾	1. Intercanine width: distance between crown cusps of deciduous or permanent canines.	1. Maxillary canine width between the cusps of deciduous canines (c.Wi.cus). 2. Maxillary canine width between permanent canine cusps (C.Wi.cus).
Celebi et al. ⁽ ¹⁷17 Celebi AA, Tan E, Gelgor IE. Determination and application of Pont’s Index in Turkish Population. Sci World J. 2012;2012:1-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/494623. PMid:22654616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/494623 ... ⁾	1. Interpremolar Width: distance between the central grooves of the 1st premolars. 2. Intermolar Width: distance between the central fossa of the 1st molars.	1. Width of the 1st maxillary premolar between the central grooves (1PM.Wi.cg). 2. Width of the maxillary 1st molar between the central fossae (1M.Wi.cf).
Heikinheimo et al. ⁽ ¹⁸18 Heikinheimo K, Nystrom M, Heikinheimo T, Pirttiniemi P, Pirinen S. Dental arch width, overbite, and overjet in a Finnish population with normal occlusion between the ages of 7 and 32 years. Eur J Orthod. 2012;34(4):418-26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/cjr025. PMid:21357654. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/cjr025 ... ⁾	1. Intercanine width: a) distance between the canine cusps; b) distance between the canines measured through the intersection of the gingival rim and the long axis of the tooth. 2. Inter-bicuspid width of the 1st premolar: distance between the lingual cusps of the 1st premolars; 3. Inter-bicuspid width of the 2nd premolar: distance between the lingual cusps of the 2nd premolars; 4. Intermolar Width: a) distance between the mesiolingual cusps; b) distance between the distolingual cusps; c) distance from the gingival rim to the level of the mesiolingual cusps.	1. Maxillary canine width: a) between the cusps (C.Wi.cus). b) at the gingival level (C.Wi.g). 2. Width of the 1st maxillary premolar between the lingual cusps (1PM.Wi.lc). 3. Width of the 2nd maxillary premolar between the lingual cusps (2PM.Wi.lc). 4. Width of the maxillary 1st molar (1M.Wi): a) between the mesiolingual cusps (1M.Wi.mlc); b) between the distolingual cusps (Wi.1M.dlc); c) between points at the gingival level (1M.Wi.g).
Kumar and Nandlal ⁽ ¹⁹19 Kumar SS, Nandlal B. Effects of asthma and inhalation corticosteroids on the dental arch morphology in children. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2012;30(3):242-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0970-4388.105018. PMid:23263429. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0970-4388.105... ⁾	1. Intermolar width: maximum rectilinear distance between the tips of the mesiobuccal cusps of the 1st molars. 2. Maxillary arch length: distance from the line connecting the 1st molars to the labial surface of the central incisors. 3. Palate depth: from the line corresponding to the intermolar distance to the palate.	1. Width of the maxillary 1st molar between the mesiobuccal cusps (1M.Wi.mbc). 2. 1st molar length (1M.Le). 3. Depth of the maxillary 1st molar (1M.De).
Rastegar-Lari et al. ⁽ ²⁰20 Rastegar-Lari T, Al-Azemi R, Thalib L, Artun J. Dental arch dimensions of adolescent Kuwaitis with untreated ideal occlusion: variation and validity of proposed expansion indexes. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2012;142(5):635-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2012.05.018. PMid:23116504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2012.... ⁾	1. Width between canines: distance between canine cusps. 2. Width between the 1st premolars: distance between the distal groove of the 1st premolar. 3. Width between the 1st molars: a) distance between the mesiobuccal cusps of the 1st molars; b) distance between the central fossa of the 1st molars; c) distance between the midpoint of the lingual faces of the 1st molars. 4. Arch length: from the point of contact between the central incisors to the line connecting the mesial point of the 1st premolars.	1. Maxillary canine width between cusps (C.Wi.cus). 2. Width of the maxillary 1st premolar between the distal grooves (1PM.Wi.dg). 3. Width of the maxillary 1st molar (1M.Wi): a) between the mesiobuccal cusps (1M.Wi.mbc); b) between the central fossa (1M.Wi.cf); c) at the gingival level (1M.Wi.g). 4. Length of the maxillary 1st premolar (1PM.Le).
Ribeiro et al. ⁽ ²¹21 Ribeiro JS, Ambrosio AR, Santos-Pinto A, Shimizu IA, Shimizu RH. Evaluation of transverse changes in the dental arches according to growth pattern: a longitudinal study. Dental Press J Orthod. 2012;17(1):66-73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S2176-94512012000100010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S2176-9451201... ⁾	1. Intercanine width: distance between canine cusps. 2. Intermolar width: distance between the midpoint of the mesiopalatal, distopalatal, mesiobuccal and distobuccal cusps.	1. Maxillary canine width between cusps (C.Wi.cus). 2. Maxillary 1st molar width between the central fossa (1M.Wi.cf).
Al-Khatib et al. ⁽ ²²22 Al-Khatib AR, Rajion ZA, Masudi SM, Hassan R, Anderson PJ, Townsend GC. Tooth size and dental arch dimensions: a stereophotogrammetric study in Southeast Asian Malays. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2011;14(4):243-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-6343.2011.01529.x. PMid:22008304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-6343.2... ⁾	1. Intercanine distance: distance between canine cusps. 2. Inter-1st premolar distance: distance between the buccal cusps of the 1st premolars. 3. Inter-2nd premolar distance: distance between the buccal cusps of the 2nd premolars. 4. Intermolar distance: distance between the mesiobuccal cusps of the 1st molars.	1. Maxillary canine width between cusps (Wi.Ca.cus). 2. Width of the maxillary 1st premolar between buccal cusps (1PM.Wi.bc). 3. Width of the maxillary 2nd premolar between buccal cusps (2PM.Wi.bc). 4. Width of the maxillary 1st molar between the mesiobuccal cusps (1M.Wi.mbc).
Louly et al. ⁽ ²³23 Louly F, Nouer PRA, Janson G, Pinzan A. Dental arch dimensions in the mixed dentition: a study of Brazilian children from 9 to 12 years of age. J Appl Oral Sci. 2011;19(2):169-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1678-77572011000200014. PMid:21552719. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1678-7757201... ⁾	1. Intercanine width: distance between canine cusps. 2. Inter 1st premolar width: distance between the central grooves of the 1st premolars. 3. Inter 1st molar width: distance between the central grooves of the 1st molars. 4. Inter-2nd molar width: distance between the central grooves of the 2nd molars. 5. Maxillary depth: from the line that connects the occlusal plane to the greater depth of the palate. 6. Total arch length: perpendicular distance from the line connecting the central incisors and the upper point of the palatine raphe to the line that measures the depth at the level of the 1st molars. 7. Length of the anterior arch segment: perpendicular distance from the line connecting the central incisors to the line connecting the distal surfaces of the canines. 8. Length of the posterior arch segment: difference between the total length of the arch and the length of the anterior segment.	1. Maxillary canine width between cusps (C.Wi.cus). 2. Width of the maxillary 1st premolar between the central grooves (1PM.Wi.cg). 3. Width of the maxillary 1st molar between the central grooves (1M.Wi.cg). 4. Width of the maxillary 2nd molar between the central grooves (2M.Wi.cg). 5. Maximum maxillary depth at the level of the occlusal plane (Max.De.o). 6. Maxillary 1st molar length (1M.Le). 7. Maxillary canine length (C.Le). 8. Difference between maxillary 1st molar length and maxillary canine length (1M.Le- C.Le).
Lombardo et al. ⁽ ²⁴24 Lombardo L, Saba L, Scuzzo G, Takemoto K, Oteo L, Palma JC, et al. A new concept of anatomic lingual arch form. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2010;138(3):260.e1-13, discussion 260-1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2010.04.022. PMid:20816292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2010.... ⁾	1. Intercanine diameter: distance between the most prominent points in the central axis of the lingual surface of the canine crown. 2. Intermolar diameter at the 1st molar level: distance between the most prominent points of the lingual surface of the 1st molars in the center of the clinical crown. 3. Intermolar diameter at the level of the 2nd molars: distance between the most prominent points of the lingual surface of the 2nd molars in the center of the clinical crown. 4. Canine depth: is the distance between the point between the central incisors and the line that connects the most prominent points in the central axis of the lingual surface of the canine crown. 5. 1st molar depth: the distance of the point between the central incisors and the line that connects the 1st molars. 6. 2nd molar depth: the distance of the point between the central incisors and the line that connects the 2nd molars.	1. Canine width between points at the gingival level (C.Wi.g). 2. Width of the 1st molar between points at the gingival level (1M.Wi.g). 3. Width of the 2nd molar between points at the gingival level (2M.Wi.g). 4. Gingival canine length (C.Le.g). 5. Gingival 1st molar length (1M.Le.g). 6. Gingival 2nd molar length (2M.Le.g).
Slaj et al. ⁽ ²⁵25 Slaj M, Spalj S, Pavlin D, Illes D, Slaj M. Dental archforms in dentoalveolar Class I, II and III. Angle Orthod. 2010;80(5):919-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/112609-672.1. PMid:20578864. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/112609-672.1 ... ⁾	1. Canine width: distance between the clinical points of the canine brackets. 2. Intermolar width: distance between the clinical points of the 1st molar brackets. 3. Canine depth: distance from the line connecting the clinical points of the canine brackets to the point between the central incisors. 4. Molar depth: distance from the line connecting the clinical points of the 1st molar brackets to the point between the central incisors.	1. Maxillary canine width between the buccal (C.Wi.buc). 2. Maxillary 1st molar width between the buccal (1M.Wi.buc). 3. Maxillary canine length (C.Le). 4. Maxillary 1st molar length (1M.Le).
Arslan et al. ⁽ ²⁶26 Arslan SG, Kama JD, Sahin S, Hamamci O. Longitudinal changes in dental arches from mixed to permanent dentition in a Turkish population. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2007;132(5):15-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2007.06.009. PMid:18005825. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2007.... ⁾	1. Maxillary canine width: distance between canine cusps. 2. Maxillary pre-molar width: distance between the central grooves of the 1st premolars. 3. Maxillary molar width: distance between the points of the central fossa of the 1st molars. 4. Maxillary arch depth: perpendicular distance from the labial surface of the central incisors to the line between the central fossae of the 1st molars.	1. Maxillary canine width between cusps (Ca.Wi.cus). 2. 1st premolar width between the central grooves (1PM.Wi.cg). 3. Maxillary 1st molar width between the central fossa (1M.Wi.cf). 4. Maxillary 1st molar length (1M.Le).
Tsai and Tan ⁽ ²⁷27 Tsai HH, Tan CT. Morphology of the palatal vault of primary dentition in transverse view. Angle Orthod. 2004;74(6):774-9. PMid:15673140. ⁾	1. Right-side palatal width: distance between the cervical point of the right deciduous 2nd molar to the point of the perpendicular line in the palatine raphe. 2. Left-side palatal width: distance between the cervical point of the left deciduous 2nd molar to the point of the perpendicular line in the palatine raphe. 3. Palate depth: distance between the point of the palatine raphe to the line connecting the 2nd deciduous molars to the gingival level. 4. Dental arch width: Distance between the mesiolingual cusps of the upper deciduous 2nd molars.	1. Width of the deciduous 2nd molar from the point to the gingival level on the right side (2m.Wi.g.R) 2. Width of the deciduous 2nd molar from the point to the gingival level on the left side (2m.Wi.g.L) 3. Gingival palatine depth (2m.De.g). 4. Deciduous 2nd molar width between mesiolingual cusps (2m.Wi.mlc).
Hsut ⁽ ²⁸28 Hsu BS. The nature of arch width difference and palatal depth of the anterior open bite. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1998;113(3):344-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0889-5406(98)70307-5. PMid:9517728. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0889-5406(98... ⁾	1. Upper intermolar width: distance between the central fossa of the upper 1st molars. 2. Upper interpremolar width: distance between the distal grooves of the upper 1st premolars. 3. Palate depth: distance from the deepest part of the palate to the line connecting the central fossae of the upper 1st molars.	1. Maxillary 1st molar width between the central fossa (1M.Wi.cf). 2. Maxillary 1st premolar width between the distal grooves (1PM.Wi.dg). 3. Maxillary 1st molar depth (1M.De).
Bishara et al. ⁽ ²⁹29 Bishara SE, Jakobsen JR, Treder J, Nowak A. Arch width changes from 6 weeks to 45 years of age. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1997;111(4):401-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0889-5406(97)80022-4. PMid:9109585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0889-5406(97... ⁾	6 weeks - 2 years 1. Anterior maxillary arch width: distance between lateral groove points at the alveolar ridge level. 2. Posterior maxillary arch width: distance between the points of the posterior margin of the gingiva at the alveolar ridge level. 3 - 45 years 1. Intercanine width: distance between the tips of the canine cusps. 2. Deciduous intermolar width: distance between the tips of the mesiobuccal cusps of the 2nd deciduous molars (3 to 5 years). 3. Permanent intermolar width: distance between the tips of the mesiobuccal cusps of the 1st permanent molars for all subsequent ages.	1. Anterior maxillary width between the points at the gingival level (Anterior.Wi.g). 2. Posterior maxillary width between the points at the gingival level (Posterior.Wi.g). 1. Maxillary canine width between cusps (C.Wi.cus). 2. Deciduous 2nd molar width between the mesiobuccal cusps (2m.Wimbc). 3. Permanent 2nd molar width between the mesiobuccal cusps (2M.Wi.mbc).

Author	Design	Selection	Comparability	Result	Total
Mina et al.⁽¹²12 Mina M, Borzabadi-Farahani A, Tehranchi A, Nouri M, Younessian F. Mathematical beta function formulation for maxillary arch form prediction in normal occlusion population. Odontology. 2016;105(2):229-36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10266-016-0244-7. PMid:27167385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10266-016-02... ⁾	Cross-sectional	★★	★	★	4 (10)
Patel and Daruwala⁽¹³13 Patel MN, Daruwala NR. Appraisal of dental arch dimension in Gujarati males and females. Adv Hum Biol. 2015;5(3):61-7. ⁾	Cross-sectional	★	★	★	3 (10)
Shahid et al.⁽¹⁴14 Shahid F, Alam MK, Khamis MF, Honda Y, Sugita Y, Maeda H. Geomorphometrics of tooth size and arch dimension analysis by conventional digital caliper and digital stereomicroscope to establish standard norms for the pakistani population. J Hard Tissue Biol. 2015;24(2):155-68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2485/jhtb.24.155. http://dx.doi.org/10.2485/jhtb.24.155 ... ⁾	Cross-sectional	★★	★	★	4 (10)
Hasegawa et al.⁽¹⁵15 Hasegawa Y, Amarsaikhan B, Chinvipas N, Tsukada SI, Terada K, Uzuka S, et al. Comparison of mesiodistal tooth crown diameters and arch dimensions between modern Mongolians and Japanese. Odontology. 2014;102(2):167-75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10266-013-0130-5. PMid:24026430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10266-013-01... ⁾	Cross-sectional	★★★	★	★	5 (10)
Ahn et al.⁽¹⁶16 Ahn JS, Park MS, Cha HS, Song HC, Park YS. Three-dimensional interpretation of intercanine width change in children: a 9-year longitudinal study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2012;142(3):323-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2012.04.012. PMid:22920698. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2012.... ⁾	Longitudinal	★★	★	★★	5 (9)
Celebi et al.⁽¹⁷17 Celebi AA, Tan E, Gelgor IE. Determination and application of Pont’s Index in Turkish Population. Sci World J. 2012;2012:1-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/494623. PMid:22654616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/494623 ... ⁾	Cross-sectional	★★★	★	★	5 (10)
Heikinheimo et al.⁽¹⁸18 Heikinheimo K, Nystrom M, Heikinheimo T, Pirttiniemi P, Pirinen S. Dental arch width, overbite, and overjet in a Finnish population with normal occlusion between the ages of 7 and 32 years. Eur J Orthod. 2012;34(4):418-26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/cjr025. PMid:21357654. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/cjr025 ... ⁾	Longitudinal	★★★	★	★	5 (9)
Kumar and Nandlal⁽¹⁹19 Kumar SS, Nandlal B. Effects of asthma and inhalation corticosteroids on the dental arch morphology in children. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2012;30(3):242-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0970-4388.105018. PMid:23263429. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0970-4388.105... ⁾	Cross-sectional	★	★★	★	4 (10)
Rastegar-Lari et al.⁽²⁰20 Rastegar-Lari T, Al-Azemi R, Thalib L, Artun J. Dental arch dimensions of adolescent Kuwaitis with untreated ideal occlusion: variation and validity of proposed expansion indexes. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2012;142(5):635-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2012.05.018. PMid:23116504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2012.... ⁾	Cross-sectional	★★★	★	★	5 (10)
Ribeiro et al.⁽²¹21 Ribeiro JS, Ambrosio AR, Santos-Pinto A, Shimizu IA, Shimizu RH. Evaluation of transverse changes in the dental arches according to growth pattern: a longitudinal study. Dental Press J Orthod. 2012;17(1):66-73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S2176-94512012000100010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S2176-9451201... ⁾	Longitudinal	★★	★	★	4 (9)
Al-Khatib et al.⁽²²22 Al-Khatib AR, Rajion ZA, Masudi SM, Hassan R, Anderson PJ, Townsend GC. Tooth size and dental arch dimensions: a stereophotogrammetric study in Southeast Asian Malays. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2011;14(4):243-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-6343.2011.01529.x. PMid:22008304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-6343.2... ⁾	Cross-sectional	★★★	★	★	5 (10)
Louly et al.⁽²³23 Louly F, Nouer PRA, Janson G, Pinzan A. Dental arch dimensions in the mixed dentition: a study of Brazilian children from 9 to 12 years of age. J Appl Oral Sci. 2011;19(2):169-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1678-77572011000200014. PMid:21552719. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1678-7757201... ⁾	Cross-sectional	★★★	★	★	5 (10)
Lombardo et al.⁽²⁴24 Lombardo L, Saba L, Scuzzo G, Takemoto K, Oteo L, Palma JC, et al. A new concept of anatomic lingual arch form. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2010;138(3):260.e1-13, discussion 260-1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2010.04.022. PMid:20816292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2010.... ⁾	Cross-sectional	★★	★	★	4 (10)
Slaj et al.⁽²⁵25 Slaj M, Spalj S, Pavlin D, Illes D, Slaj M. Dental archforms in dentoalveolar Class I, II and III. Angle Orthod. 2010;80(5):919-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/112609-672.1. PMid:20578864. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/112609-672.1 ... ⁾	Cross-sectional	★	★	★	3 (10)
Arslan et al.⁽²⁶26 Arslan SG, Kama JD, Sahin S, Hamamci O. Longitudinal changes in dental arches from mixed to permanent dentition in a Turkish population. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2007;132(5):15-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2007.06.009. PMid:18005825. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2007.... ⁾	Longitudinal	★★	★	★	4 (9)
Tsai and Tan⁽²⁷27 Tsai HH, Tan CT. Morphology of the palatal vault of primary dentition in transverse view. Angle Orthod. 2004;74(6):774-9. PMid:15673140. ⁾	Cross-sectional	★	★	★	3 (10)
Hsu⁽²⁸28 Hsu BS. The nature of arch width difference and palatal depth of the anterior open bite. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1998;113(3):344-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0889-5406(98)70307-5. PMid:9517728. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0889-5406(98... ⁾	Cross-sectional	★	★	★	3 (10)
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