Use of digital devices, family functioning, and language development in preschool children: a cross-sectional study

Gomes, Maria Inês Figueiras; Lousada, Marisa Lobo; Figueiredo, Daniela Maria Pias de

doi:10.1590/2317-1782/20232023125en

Maria Inês Figueiras Gomes

conceptualization

data treatment

formal analysis

investigation

methodology

Escola Superior de Saúde, Universidade de Aveiro - ESSUA, Aveiro, Portugal.

Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias e Serviços e Saúde - CINTESIS, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5148-3669

Marisa Lobo Lousada

funding acquisition

overall review and editing

Escola Superior de Saúde, Universidade de Aveiro - ESSUA, Aveiro, Portugal.

Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias e Serviços e Saúde - CINTESIS, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0326-0257

Daniela Maria Pias de Figueiredo

funding acquisition

overall review and editing

Escola Superior de Saúde, Universidade de Aveiro - ESSUA, Aveiro, Portugal.

Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias e Serviços e Saúde - CINTESIS, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3160-7871

Conflict of interests: nothing to declare.

Correspondence address: Maria Inês Figueiras Gomes Escola Superior de Saúde, Universidade de Aveiro - ESSUA Campus Universitário de Santiago, Agra do Crasto, Edifício 30, Aveiro, Portugal, 3810-193. E-mail: mariainesgomes@ua.pt

Tables (17)

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1 2 3 4 5 Nunca 0-1 horas por dia 1-3 horas por dia 3-6 horas por dia Mais de 6 horas por dia

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Telemóvel/Smartphone □ 1 □ 2 □ 3 □ 4 □ 5 Tablet □ 1 □ 2 □ 3 □ 4 □ 5 Computador/Laptop/Portátil □ 1 □ 2 □ 3 □ 4 □ 5 Televisão □ 1 □ 2 □ 3 □ 4 □ 5 Rádio □ 1 □ 2 □ 3 □ 4 □ 5 Videojogos □ 1 □ 2 □ 3 □ 4 □ 5

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1 2 3 4 5 Nunca 0-1 horas por dia 1-3 horas por dia 3-6 horas por dia Mais de 6 horas por dia

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Telemóvel/Smartphone □ 1 □ 2 □ 3 □ 4 □ 5 Tablet □ 1 □ 2 □ 3 □ 4 □ 5 Computador/Laptop/Portátil □ 1 □ 2 □ 3 □ 4 □ 5 Televisão □ 1 □ 2 □ 3 □ 4 □ 5 Rádio □ 1 □ 2 □ 3 □ 4 □ 5 Videojogos □ 1 □ 2 □ 3 □ 4 □ 5

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1 2 3 4 5 Nunca 0-1 horas por dia 1-3 horas por dia 3-6 horas por dia Mais de 6 horas por dia

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Telemóvel/Smartphone □ 1 □ 2 □ 3 □ 4 □ 5 Tablet □ 1 □ 2 □ 3 □ 4 □ 5 Computador/Laptop/Portátil □ 1 □ 2 □ 3 □ 4 □ 5 Televisão □ 1 □ 2 □ 3 □ 4 □ 5 Rádio □ 1 □ 2 □ 3 □ 4 □ 5 Videojogos □ 1 □ 2 □ 3 □ 4 □ 5

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Table 1
Sociodemographic characterisation of the families in the sample

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Table 2
FACES-IV results - Balanced, unbalanced, communication and satisfaction subscales

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Table 3
Statistically significant correlations between the dimensions of the TL-ALPE, the FACES-IV and the average time spent using digital devices

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Table 4
Correlation of results between FACES-IV and average time spent using digital devices

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Table 5
Correlation of results between the average time parents and children use digital devices during the week and at the weekend

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1 2 3 4 5 Never 0-1 hours per day 1-3 hours a day 3-6 hours a day More than 6 hours a day

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Mobile phone/Smartphone □ 1 □ 2 □ 3 □ 4 □ 5 Tablet □ 1 □ 2 □ 3 □ 4 □ 5 Computer/Laptop/Notebook □ 1 □ 2 □ 3 □ 4 □ 5 Television □ 1 □ 2 □ 3 □ 4 □ 5 Radio □ 1 □ 2 □ 3 □ 4 □ 5 Video games □ 1 □ 2 □ 3 □ 4 □ 5

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1 2 3 4 5 Never 0-1 hours per day 1-3 hours a day 3-6 hours a day More than 6 hours a day

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Mobile phone/Smartphone □ 1 □ 2 □ 3 □ 4 □ 5 Tablet □ 1 □ 2 □ 3 □ 4 □ 5 Computer/Laptop/Notebook □ 1 □ 2 □ 3 □ 4 □ 5 Television □ 1 □ 2 □ 3 □ 4 □ 5 Radio □ 1 □ 2 □ 3 □ 4 □ 5 Video games □ 1 □ 2 □ 3 □ 4 □ 5

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1 2 3 4 5 Never 0-1 hours per day 1-3 hours a day 3-6 hours a day More than 6 hours a day

Thumbnail

Mobile phone/Smartphone □ 1 □ 2 □ 3 □ 4 □ 5 Tablet □ 1 □ 2 □ 3 □ 4 □ 5 Computer/Laptop/Notebook □ 1 □ 2 □ 3 □ 4 □ 5 Television □ 1 □ 2 □ 3 □ 4 □ 5 Radio □ 1 □ 2 □ 3 □ 4 □ 5 Video games □ 1 □ 2 □ 3 □ 4 □ 5

	n = 93 (100%)
Family member's gender
Female (mum)	81 (87.1%)
Male (father)	12 (12.9%)
Educational qualifications
Up to primary school (4th grade)	1 (1.1%)
Up to the 2nd cycle of basic education (6th grade)	3 (3.2%)
Up to the 3rd cycle of basic education (9th grade)	13 (14.0%)
Up to secondary education (12th grade)	29 (31.2%)
Higher education	47 (50.5%)
Marital status
Single	14 (15.1%)
Married	45 (48.4%)
Separate	3 (3.2%)
Divorced	8 (8.6%)
Widowed	1 (1.1%)
Common-law marriage	22 (23.7%)
Habitual Occupation
Paid work	79 (84.9%)
Unemployed (other reasons)	8 (8.6%)
Housework	4 (4.3%)
Student	2 (2.2%)
Number of children
One	34 (36.6%)
Two	44 (47.3%)
Three or more	15 (16.1%)
Family Structure
Two parents (biological)	73 (78.5%)
Only one parent	12 (12.9%)
A biological father and a stepfather	8 (8.6%)

Scales	Sub-scales	Level	n	%	M ± SD
Balanced	Cohesion	Very connected	68	73.1%	30.17 ± 3.59
		On	23	24.7%
		Separated	2	2.2%
	Flexibility	Very flexible	46	49.5%	28.43 ± 3.47
		Flexible	46	49.5%
		Structured	1	1.1%
Unbalanced	Disengaged	Moderate	2	2.2%	13.13 ± 3.25
		Bass	10	10.8%
		Very low	81	87.1%
	Enmeshed	High	1	1.1%	17.12 ± 3.26
		Moderate	9	9.7%
		Bass	46	49.5%
		Very low	37	39.8%
	Rigid	High	8	8.6%	20.32 ± 3.78
		Moderate	28	30.1%
		Bass	40	43.0%
		Very low	17	18.3%
	Chaotic	Moderate	2	2.2%	14.59 ± 3.34
		Bass	19	20.4%
		Very low	72	77.4%
Communication		Very high	36	38.7%	40.63 ± 5.60
		High	35	37.6%
		Moderate	16	17.2%
		Bass	3	3.2%
		Very low	3	3.2%
Satisfaction		Very high	17	18.3%	38.15 ± 6.30
		High	20	21.5%
		Moderate	21	22.6%
		Bass	27	29.0%
		Very low	8	8.6%

TL-ALPE	FACES-IV and the use of digital devices	Spearman's Correlation Coefficient	p
OVE's standardised quotation	Cohesion	0.344	0.001
	Disengaged	- 0.245	0.018
	Satisfaction	0.310	0.002
Standardised C quotation	Cohesion	0.279	0.007
Standardised C quotation	Disengaged	-0.222	0.032
OVE's standardised quotation	Smartphone use during the week	-0.274	0.008
	Tablet use during the week	-0.343	0.001
	Smartphone use during the weekend	-0.259	0.012
Standardised C quotation	Smartphone use during the week	-0.245	0.018
	Tablet use during the week	-0.331	0.001
	Smartphone use during the weekend	-0.242	0.020
	Computer use during the weekend	-0.230	0.027

FACES - IV	Use of digital devices	Spearman's Correlation Coefficient	p
Cohesion	Smartphone use during the weekend	-0.205	0.049
Flexibility	Smartphone use during the week	-0.263	0.011
Flexibility	Smartphone use during the weekend	-0.242	0.020
Enmeshed	Smartphone use during the weekend	0.214	0.039
Enmeshed	Television use at the weekend	0.361	0.000
Chaotic	Television use during the week	0.210	0.043
Chaotic	Television use at the weekend	0.223	0.031
Satisfaction	Tablet use during the week	-0.205	0.048
Satisfaction	Smartphone use during the weekend	-0.282	0.006

Use of digital devices (parents)	Use of digital devices during the week and at the weekend (children)	Spearman's Correlation Coefficient	p
Smartphone	Smartphone use (week)	0.322	0.002
Smartphone	Television use (week)	0.236	0.023
Television	Smartphone use (week)	0.315	0.002
	Tablet use (week)	0.241	0.020
	Television use (week)	0.437	0.000

Smartphone	Smartphone use (weekend)	0.338	0.001
Smartphone	Television use (weekend)	0.246	0.018
Tablet	Tablet use (weekend)	0.359	0.000
Television	Smartphone use (weekend)	0.278	0.007
Television	Television use (weekend)	0.345	0.001

[1] Conflict of interests: nothing to declare.

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Use of digital devices, family functioning, and language development in preschool children: a cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT

Purpose

Methods

Results

Conclusion