Cities and climate change: challenges to Brazilian municipal Master Plans

Espíndola, Isabela Battistello; Ribeiro, Wagner Costa

doi:10.1590/2236-9996.2020-4802

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dossiê: a metrópole e a questão ambiental • Cad. Metropole 22 (48) • May-Aug 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/2236-9996.2020-4802 copy

Cities and climate change: challenges to Brazilian municipal Master Plans

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Considering that cities have their political relevance recognized in current global agreements, this article questions whether the master plans of Brazilian capitals contribute not only to promote urban development and planning, but also to overcome challenges related to climate change. We analyzed qualitatively the plans instituted after 2015 and checked if the legislation addresses climate change, containing, for example, references to mitigation and adaptation plans. Data from the Basic Municipal Information Survey were used, as well as data provided by IBGE and the websites of the capitals’ municipal governments. It is concluded that few plans provide guidelines for local climate issues. Of the analyzed cases, only one plan addresses climate change, which shows that this topic has been scarcely considered in municipal urban public policies.

master plan; urban planning; climate changes; climate policy

	Climate change	Impacts on urban areas
Change in average conditions	Temperature	Growing energy demand (heater-air conditioning); deterioration of air quality; urban heat islands.
	Rainfall	Growing risk of floods; growing risk of land sliding; migrations of rural zones; interruption of food supply networks.
	Rise of sea level	Coastal floods; reduction in income from agriculture and tourism; salinization of water sources.
Changes in extreme conditions	Extreme rains/tropical cyclones	More frequent floods; higher risk of land sliding; damages to houses, factories and urban infrastructures.
	Droughts	Water scarcity; higher food prices; disturbance in the hydroelectric system; migrations of rural zones.
	Cold/heat waves	Higher energy demand in the short term (heater-air conditioning).
	Abrupt change in climate (still unlikely, but growingly considered)	Possible impacts of extreme rise of sea level; possible impacts of a quick and extreme rise of temperatures.
Changes in exposure	Population movements	Migrations of affected rural habitats.
Changes in exposure	Biological changes	Increase in disease vectors.

Year	Total population (in million)	Urban population (% of total population)
1960	72,208	46.1
1970	95,327	55.9
1980	121,160	65.5
1990	149,352	73.9
2000	175,288	81.2
2010	196,796	84.3
2015	205,962	85.8

Capital	Population in 2017	Population growth rate⁵(%)
Aracaju	650,106 thousand	1,34
Belém	1,452,275 million	0,43
Belo Horizonte	2,523,794 million	0,41
Boa Vista	332,020 thousand	1,72
Brasília	3,039,444 million	2,09
Campo Grande	874,210 thousand	1,18
Cuiabá	590,118 thousand	0,81
Curitiba	1,908,359 million	0,76
Florianópolis	485,838 thousand	1,68
Fortaleza	2,627,482 million	0,68
Goiânia	1,466,105 million	1,21
João Pessoa	811,598 thousand	1,23
Macapá	474,706 thousand	1,98
Maceió	1,029,129 million	0,73
Manaus	2,130,264 million	1,71
Natal	885,180 thousand	0,86
Palmas	286,787 thousand	2,48
Porto Alegre	1,484,941 million	0,26
Porto Velho	519,436 thousand	1,61
Recife	1,633,697 million	0,50
Rio Branco	383,443 thousand	1,69
Rio de Janeiro	6.5 million	0,33
Salvador	2,953,986 million	0,54
São Luís	1,091,868 million	0,82
São Paulo	12,106,920 million	0,57
Teresina	850,198 million	0,33
Vitória	363,140 million	1,00

Capital	Year when the master plan was last updated	Current status (2019)	Municipal climate change laws
Aracaju⁶	Not updated	In process of review	Doesn’t have
Belém⁷	Not updated	Belém Municipal Master Plan (law n. 8.655, of July 30, 2008) “expires” in 2018	Doesn’t have
Belo Horizonte⁸	2019	Within the term established by the City Statute	Law n. 10.175, of May 6, 2011
Boa Vista⁹	2014	Within the term established by the City Statute	Doesn’t have
Brasília¹⁰	2012	Within the term established by the City Statute	Law n. 4.797, of March 6, 2012
Campo Grande¹¹	2018	Within the term established by the City Statute	Doesn’t have
Cuiabá¹²	Not updated	In process of review	Doesn’t have
Curitiba¹³	2014	Last review in 2014, so, within the term established by the City Statute	Decree n. 1.186, of September 22, 2009
Florianópolis¹⁴	Not updated	In process of review	Doesn’t have
Fortaleza¹⁵	Not updated	Within the term established by the City Statute	Law n. 10.586, of July 13, 2017
Goiânia¹⁶	2013	In process of review	Doesn’t have
João Pessoa¹⁷	2008	João Pessoa Municipal Master Plan (Complementary law n. 054, of December 23, 2008) “expired” in 2018	Doesn’t have
Macapá¹⁸	Not updated	Plan out of the term established by the City Statute	Doesn’t have
Maceió¹⁹	Not updated	Maceió Municipal Master Plan, in force through Law n. 5.486 of 2005, is out of the term established by the City Statute	Doesn’t have
Manaus²⁰	2014	Within the term established by the City Statute	Law n. 254, of December 1st, 2010
Natal²¹	2007	In process of review	Doesn’t have
Palmas²²	2014	Last review in 2018, so, within the term established by the City Statute	Law n. 1.182, of May 13, 2003
Porto Alegre²³	2011	Within the term established by the City Statute	Doesn’t have
Porto Velho²⁴	Not updated	In process of review	Doesn’t have
Recife²⁵	2008	In process of review	Doesn’t have
Rio Branco²⁶	2016	Last review in 2016, so, within the term established by the City Statute	Doesn’t have
Rio de Janeiro²⁷	Not updated	Within the term established by the City Statute	Law n. 5.248, of January 27, 2011
Salvador²⁸	2016	Last review in 2016, so, within the term established by the City Statute	Doesn’t have
São Luís²⁹	Not updated	In process of review	Doesn’t have
São Paulo³⁰	2014	Within the term established by the City Statute	Law n. 14.933, of June 5, 2009
Teresina³¹	2006	In process of review	Doesn’t have
Vitória³²	2018	Last review in 2018, so, within the term established by the City Statute	Doesn’t have

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