R2P and the Pluralist Norm-shapers

Ribeiro, Mikelli Marzzini L. A.

doi:10.1590/S0102-8529.2019420100001

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Research Articles • Contexto int. 42 (1) • Jan-Apr 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-8529.2019420100001 copy

R2P and the Pluralist Norm-shapers

R2P e os Modeladores de Normas Pluralistas

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Responsibility to Protect (R2P) brought about new challenges for research on norms in International Relations, mainly due to the actions of emerging powers. These states have exhibited complex behaviour towards norms. Rather than classifying them as simple norm-rejecters or norm-takers, current literature on norms in International Relations has classified them as norm-shapers. In their behaviour, emerging powers seek to shape the norm from various angles. In this sense, the need arises to theoretically frame these types of engagement. This essay aims to analyse the action of normative shapers through the lens of the English School of International Relations, combined with constructivism. After presenting the norm-shapers and characterising them theoretically, a new concept is introduced, called pluralist norm-shapers.

Keywords
Responsibility to Protect; English School; emerging powers; norm-shapers; pluralism.

Primary institutions		Secondary institutions
Master	Derivative	(examples of)
Sovereignty	Non-intervention International law	UN General Assembly, most regimes, international courts, some PKOs
Territoriality Diplomacy	Boundaries Bilateralism Multilateralism	Embassies, United Nations Conferences
Great power management	Alliances Balance of power War	Most IGOs, regimes, NATOUN Security Council
Equality of people	Human rights Humanitarian intervention	Human Rights Council
Market	Trade liberalisation Finance liberalisation	GATT/WTO, IBRD, IMF
Nationalism	Hegemonic stability Self-determination Popular sovereignty Democracy	Some PKOs
Environmental stewardship	Species survival Climate stability	Environmental regimes

Guidelines	Problems to be avoided
To implement actions exclusively aimed at protecting civilians	Actions motivated by other political intentions
Intervention legitimately (legally) authorised	Actions without appropriate authorisation of the Security Council
To exhaust political and diplomatic means	Excessive use of coercive measures (which causes more harm than good)
To define the purpose of intervention precisely	Using R2P to overthrow governments
Intervenors should participate in the post-intervention reconstruction process	Intervention without any further responsibility (‘smash and go’)
To create supervisory, accountability and evaluation mechanisms ex post factum	Actions without any supervision (whether during or after the military operation)

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E-mail: cintjournal@puc-rio.br

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[1] Mikelli Marzzini L. A. Ribeiro is Professor of International Relations in the Political Science Department of Federal University of Pernambuco (Brazil). He was professor of Law in Bahia State University (Brazil) from 2013 until 2019, where he taught International Law. He holds a Ph.D. in Political Science from Federal University of Pernambuco (Brazil) and a Master’s Degree in International Relations from Paraiba State University (Brazil). During his Ph.D., he was visiting researcher at the European University Institute (Italy) and at Leiden University (The Netherlands). He has published articles related to human rights, emerging powers’ foreign policy and international institutions. His publications have focus especially on the Responsibility to Protect and humanitarian intervention.