Protecionismo Não-Tarifário no Mercosul: Análise e Recomendações Sobre as Últimas Três Décadas

Lauria, Lucas Baggi de Mendonça

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Sumário

RESEARCH ARTICLE • Contexto int. 45 (1) • Jan/Apr 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-8529.20234501e20210067 copiar

Protecionismo Não-Tarifário no Mercosul: Análise e Recomendações Sobre as Últimas Três Décadas

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Resumo

O presente artigo tem por objetivos discutir e demonstrar os desafios não-tarifários à integração comercial do Mercosul. Serão objetivo de debate a sua tarifa externa comum (TEC) e exceções, bem como a evolução do seu quadro de protecionismo não-tarifário nas últimas três décadas. Trata-se de um exercício exploratório, sem precedentes, sobre todas as 5019 MNTs notificadas pelos membros do Mercosul à OMC entre 1995 e 2020. Como principais resultados, vemos que (i) membros com menos exceções à TEC são os que mais utilizam MNTs para proteger seus mercados; (ii) o estoque de MNTs direcionadas a membros e não-membros varia na mesma medida; (iii) dos 10 países mais alvejados por MNTs impostas por membros Mercosul, seus próprios membros figuram nas posições 3°, 4°, 7° e 8°; (iv) o bloco carece de uma profunda harmonização regulatória, sobretudo no que toca a barreiras sanitárias e fitossanitárias em 11 setores. Com base nesses resultados, são sugeridos dois planos de ação prioritários ao bloco.

Palavras-chave
Mercosul; OMC; medidas não-tarifárias; protecionismo; tarifa externa comum

Imposing member	Trade partner affected
	Group 1	Group 2	Group 3	Total
	From Mercosur to Mercosur	From Mercosur to Mercosur and beyond	From Mercosur outwards	Total
Brazil	48	2966	470	3484
Argentina	58	662	305	1025
Venezuela	0	182	20	202
Uruguay	2	152	2	156
Paraguay	2	149	1	152
Total	110	4111	798	5019

Most affected trade partners	NTMs notified to WTO
World (all members)	4095
China	224
United States	61
Brazil	55
Argentina	46
South Korea	38
Chile	34
Uruguay	28
Paraguay	28
Taipei	30
Mexico	24

Type	Trade partner affected
	Group 1	Group 2	Group 3	Total
	From Mercosur to Mercosur	From Mercosur to Mercosur and beyond	From Mercosur outwards	Total
Sanitary and phytosanitary measures	41	2022	134	2197
Technical measures	0	1881	0	1881
Anti-dumping measures	69	0	646	715
Export subsidies	0	91	0	91
Tariff quotas	0	63	0	63
Quantitative restrictions	0	44	0	44
Compensatory measures	0	0	18	18
Safeguard measures	0	10	0	10
Total	110	4111	798	5019

Country	Institution	Area
Brazil	Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply	Agriculture
	National Health Surveillance Agency	Health and food regulation
	National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology	Technical standards
	National Mining Agency	Mining
Argentina	Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries	Agriculture
	National Administration of Drugs, Food and Medical Technology	Health and food regulation
	National Institute of Metrology	Technical standards
	Mining and Energy Secretariat	Mining
Paraguay	Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock	Agriculture
	Dirección Nacional de Vigilancia Sanitaria	Health and food regulation
	National Institute of Technology, Standardization and Metrology	Technical standards
	Viceministerio de Minas y Energía	Mining
Uruguay	Ministry of Livestock, Agriculture and Fisheries	Agriculture
	Ministry of Public Health	Health and food regulation
	Technological Laboratory of Uruguay	Technical standards
	Dirección Nacional de Minería y Geología	Mining

NCM chapter	Recurrence	%	Pareto	Description
72	20	10%	10%	Cast iron, iron and steel.
44	14	7%	17%	Wood, charcoal and wooden works.
82	14	7%	25%	Tools, cutlery and cutlery, and parts thereof, of base metal.
51	13	7%	31%	Wool, fine or coarse hair; horsehair yarns and fabrics.
80	13	7%	38%	Tin and his works.
10	12	6%	44%	Cereals.
39	12	6%	50%	Plastic and its works.
85	12	6%	56%	Electrical machines, apparatus and materials, and parts thereof; sound recording or reproducing apparatus, television image and sound recording or reproducing apparatus, and parts and accessories thereof.
69	10	5%	62%	Ceramic products.
20	8	4%	66%	Preparations of vegetables, fruit or other parts of plants.
73	7	4%	69%	Works of cast iron, iron or steel.
84	7	4%	73%	Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery, mechanical apparatus and instruments, and parts thereof.
63	6	3%	76%	Other made-up textile articles; assortments; second-hand textile articles and similar articles; rags.
40	5	3%	78%	Rubber and its works.
70	5	3%	81%	Glass and its works.
Others	37	19%	100%	Others

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[1] Lucas Baggi de Mendonça Lauria is an Institutional Relations professional with experience working in the Brazilian private sector. He holds a master’s degree in International Relations from the University of Brasília (UnB). He has expertise in international trade and lobbying. He has worked for institutions such as the Ministry of Economy, the National Confederation of Industry, and the Prospectiva consulting firm. He is currently a Ph.D. candidate in IR at the University of Brasília.