Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT Eucalyptus stands out in the Brazilian silvicultural sector as the most planted tree species for commercial purposes thus, practices that facilitate management and improve wood quality are increasingly required. Although artificial mechanical pruning has been used for this crop, the use of herbicides for pruning can be more practical, rapid and have lower costs. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the use of glufosinate ammonium in the chemical pruning of eucalyptus plants. Eucalyptus seedlings were transplanted into 10-L pots filled with soil and substrate and subjected to the treatments (mechanical pruning, chemical pruning, and no pruning) 90 days after transplanting. Lateral branches were cut with pruning shears for the mechanical pruning. Glufosinate ammonium (500 g a.i. ha-1) was applied to the sides of the plants for the chemical pruning, simulating a field-planting row (3.5 x 2.0 meters), using a CO2-pressurized sprayer; the untreated branches were covered with plastic bags to avoid receiving the herbicide. The percentage of artificial pruning used was 60% of the vertical height of the eucalyptus plants. Glufosinate, glutamate, and ammonia contents, electron transport rate, percentage of pruning, plant height, number of leaves, and dry matter mass of the plants were evaluated. The application of glufosinate ammonium defoliate the treated branches and did not affect significantly the parts of the plants that did not receive the herbicide regarding the evaluated compounds, and growth of the plants, denoting that glufosinate ammonium can be used for chemical pruning of eucalyptus plants.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to analyze the adaptive cluster sampling (ACS), simple random sampling (SRS) and systematic sampling (SS) processes to obtain the number of ha-1 trees of Carapa guianensis Aubl. in the Amazon. The data were obtained through 100% inventory and sampling simulations, considering a DBH ≥ 25 cm, a sampling intensity of 4%, a maximum error of 10% and plots of 0.09, 0.16 and 0.25 ha. The last two sizes were only used to analyze their effect on the ACS estimators. The processes were evaluated for accuracy, precision (E%) and confidence interval (CI), while the mean ha-1 of the processes were compared with that of the 100% inventory by the Z test. The ACS process showed no significant difference between its average ha-1 trees and the 100% inventory, and it was also the most accurate and the only one whose CI was true. However, it presented a final sample intensity 3.6 times greater than the simple and systematic random samplings, in addition to E% above 10%, which makes it unacceptable, legally, and economically unfeasible. The other processes had densities significantly higher than the 100% inventory, with sample intensities lower than ACS and E% lower than 10%, making them legally viable. The use of larger plots in the ACS implies larger clusters and a greater tendency to underestimate the number of trees, resulting in larger sample errors and less accuracy.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT Conservation for endangered medicinal plant species is important and urgent. Cercidiphyllum japonicum is an endangered and nationally protected medicinal plant species. We use multivariate methods to study ecological relations of C. japonicum communities in the Shennongjia Nature Reserve, Central China. Fifty-eight 10 m x 20 m quadrats of C. japonicum communities were randomly set up along an altitudinal gradient. Data for species composition and environmental variables were measured and recorded for each quadrat. Two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used in analyses. Moreover, species diversity indices were used to analyze the relationships between species diversity and environmental variables. The results showed that there were eight types of C. japonicum communities. Each community had its own compositional, structural and environmental characteristics. Variation of C. japonicum communities was significantly correlated to elevation and slope. Community variations were also related to aspect and litter thickness. Elevation and slope were revealed as important factors that influence community distribution and diversity. Species diversity showed a quadratic and negative correlation with elevation. The importance values of C. japonicum also showed a quadratic and negative correlation with species diversity. For conservational purposes, species diversity should be maintained within a reasonable range.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT Qualitative and quantitative changes in anatomical characteristics of charcoal from Campomanesia xanthocarpa, Eugenia pyriformis, Myrcia retorta and Plinia peruviana were described to provide its correct discrimination and information’s to contribute to evaluations in illegal logging. The material came from Planalto Catarinense region, southern Brazil. For each species, three discs at diameter at breast height were collected from three randomly selected trees. All the disks were sectioned to obtain samples in different positions of the trunk (bark, intermediate and pith). Samples were wrapped in aluminum foil and carbonized in a muffle furnace, with a final temperature of 450 °C and a heating rate of 1.66 °C.min-1. In species analyzed, growth rings are few distinct, delimitated by fiber regions; solitary vessel and axial parenchyma diffuse or diffuse-in-aggregate is predominant. The wood to charcoal conversion caused variation in the following characteristics: vessel diameters decreased varying from 21.1% in Myrcia retorta to 33.4% in Eugenia pyriformis, while the vessel frequency increased with values from 50.7% to 92.3% related to the same species; height and width of the rays showed reduction, however, Myrcia retorta presented ruptures in ray cells and dimensions increased; ray frequency increased from 3.9% in Eugenia pyriformis to 54.1% in Campomanesia xantocharpa. Qualitative characteristics of wood from studied species remained in charcoal after carbonization at 450 ºC, being possible to discriminate the material based on wood anatomy. In charcoal, vessels dimensions and frequency, after ray characteristics can be applied as first step in this Myrtaceae species distinction at forest control.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT The quantification of the hydric requirement during the production of quality seedlings is of extreme importance and the substrate used is a mediator of this influence. However, few studies are carried out in this context, particularly on native species such as Luehea divaricata, which has great potential for lumber production and the restoration of riparian forests. The aim of this study was to characterize the survival and growth of L. divaricata seedlings in different substrates and under different irrigation schemes. The experimental design used a factorial scheme composed of four formulations of substrate (100T: 100% turf (peat); 80T: 80% peat and 20% carbonized rice husk - CRH; 60T: 60% peat and 40% CRH; 40T: 40% peat and 60% CRH) and six irrigation schemes. Survival, height, stem diameter, aerial dry matter, root and total leaf area, and Dickson Quality Index were evaluated. We observed elevated survival, height, stem diameter, aerial dry matter, and leaf area under an irrigation of 16 mm. day-1 with substrates 100T and 80T. The dry matter and Dickson Quality Index, independent of the irrigation, resulted in greater carbon accumulation. Thus, we concluded that substrates based on peat, mixed with up to 20% CRH, allowed greater seedling growth, facilitating earlier hardening and expedition, under an irrigation scheme of 16 mm.day-1. L. divaricata is a native species that can be considered to have high hydric demand during the seedling production phase.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT The cultivation of yerba-mate (Ilex paraguariensis) has been intensified in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, as result of the valuation of the price paid to the producer. However, studies related to Fusarium pathosystem vs. yerba-mate are still insufficient, so that many producers have faced significant losses in herbal production due to the occurrence of the roots rotting. Considering the above, the objectives of this study were: a) morphologically characterize the Fusarium spp. isolates collected in sick plants of yerba-mate; b) select efficient morphological characters on separating the Fusarium spp. isolates in similarity groups; c) identify the Fusarium spp. isolates to species level through the sequencing of the genomic region of elongation factor 1-α (TEF-1α); and d) testing the pathogenicity of the Fusarium spp. isolates selected based on the morphological characterization. For such, collections for the pathogen isolates were made in five cities and the collection points were georeferenced. Thirty-nine isolates were morphologically characterized by variables as mycelial growth, sporulation, macroconidia length and width, microconid format, colonies pigmentation and formation of chlamydospore, and tested for pathogenicity by substrate inoculation. The variables used in the morphological characterization were efficient in discriminating the isolates in seven groups, especially length of macronidia associated to sporulation. Seven pathogenic isolates of Fusarium spp. were identified, also through molecular sequencing of the TEF-1α gene region. The sequencing of the TEF-1α region consolidated the identification of pathogenic isolates as F. solani and F. oxysporum.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the environmental effect on the wood chemical composition of Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla clones for pulp production. Seven clones of 6.5 years old were evaluated. The clones were planted in two growing sites, Nova Almeida - Espírito Santo and Posto da Mata - Bahia, established in 3 x 3 m spacing. Five trees were selected from each clone and discs were removed from five different positions equidistant from the trunk and at diameter at breast height (DBH) height. Two wedge from opposite sides were obtained from the discs. A chemical analysis was performed with a sample composed of all the wedges of each tree in order to determine extractive contents, lignin, holocellulose, carbohydrates and the ratio among syringyl (S) and guaiacyl (G) lignin substructures (S/G) per tree. The S/G ratio was considered to be the most stable characteristic to environmental change, followed by the holloceluloose content, which was considered the second least characteristic influenced by the growth site. Most of the studied clones presented a statistical difference between the growing site for the wood extractive content, in contrast to the total carbohydrates content that was highlighted by presenting values which were little influenced by the genetic material and the growth site.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT This research aims to identify the vulnerabilities of Rio Grande basin in Minas Gerais state as well as to investigate, through technical, legal, social, and governmental aspects, the relevance of SEA as an environmental tool for the conservation and preservation of watersheds. Rio Grande basin evaluation was performed by using this following database: soil classes, land use classification, water quality index, and economic ecological index. It was performed multi-criteria decision analysis based on analytic hierarchy process methodology. 52.5% of the studied area was classified as “good” preservation condition. Alto Grande (GD1), Mortes/Jacaré (GD2) and Furnas (GD3) units did not contain significant percentages of their areas corresponding to the preservation class “very good”. In the studied area, 34.51% was classified as “medium” preservation condition, thus indicating the need for effective measures for the river basin conservation. These findings highlight the potential importance of including the SEA in the decision-making process for plans, policies and programs related to the integrated management of water resources.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT Circuit closure can reduce water consumption, but negative effects on pulp quality and equipment wear may make it unfeasible. This study aimed to evaluate how the alkaline filtrate of the recirculation stage (EP) affects bleaching, pulp quality and characteristics of the filtrates produced. Pre-delignified cellulose pulp from a mixture of three coniferous woods was used. Bleaching followed the D(EPO)DED sequence, with the addition of 5, 10 and 15 kg.odt-1 of the alkaline filtrate (EP) to the pre-O2 pulp. The physical and mechanical cellulosic pulp properties were evaluated in the control and with 10 kg.odt-1 of the alkaline filtrate. The inorganic compound accumulation in the system was evaluated in the control pulp and with 15 kg.odt-1 of the alkaline filtrate. The filtrate use increased the ClO2 consumption for bleaching and sulfuric acid and NaOH to adjust the pH of the stages. The pulp tensile index was higher and the tear index lower with the filtrate use in pulp without refinement, however the properties of refined pulp were similar between treatments. The filtrate increased the calcium, chloride, sodium and sulfate levels in the D stage and that of sodium and sulfate after the (EPO) stage. Filtrate recirculation can reduce water use, but it increases bleaching costs and metal accumulation in the system.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT The induction of epicormic shoots is very important for the success of vegetative propagation in forestry species, due to the high rooting capacity of the reinvigorated material. However, it is necessary to determine the most appropriate technique for this purpose, aiming for greater productivity and better reinvigoration, which may be different for each species. The objective of this search was to evaluate different induction techniques for the production of epicormic shoots in I. paraguariensis mother trees in the municipality of Urupema, Santa Catarina state, considering four rescue techniques: complete girdling (100%); semi-girdling (50%); detached live branches, and; shoots of the treetop (canopy). Three evaluations were made for: trees with epicormic shoots (%), average number of shoots and their average length (cm). Shoots were collected at 180 days after (February 2017) the application of the experiment (August 2016), separating in: rejuvenated shoots and of the treetop. At 90 days, cuttings variables were evaluated: rooting (%), calogenesis (%), average root number and their average length (cm). The semi-girdling was superior to shoot length (5.3 cm). The detached live branches obtained the highest average number of shoots (4.7), however, they were not able for cutting, due to their short length (0,6 cm). For cutting, there was only difference for the number of roots formed, and the rejuvenated material was superior (2,3) than treetop (0.8). It is recommended the use of semi-girdling technique for greater production of juvenile shoots and use reinvigorated cuttings for vegetative propagation, considering the greater number of roots formed.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT Schima superba is a widely distributed and broadly planted broadleaf tree in southern China. Information regarding the probability of stump resprouting, characteristics of the growth of resprouts and their influencing factors after disturbance is lacking. In this study, plant survey plots were established in fertile and barren soil conditions one month after a severe ice-snow storm disaster and the resprouting investigations were conducted four years after the treatment. The species showed a rather high (87.8% in total) resprouting probability and independent of stump diameter and soil fertility condition but positively affected by stump height. Stumps in fertile soil can generate more resprouts than in barren soil and there is no influence in the subsequent resprouts survival and growth. Stump diameter has no influence on the number of resprouts per stump generated, but facilitated the survival and growth of resprouts. Stump height had a positive influence on resprouts number per stump generated and a negative influence on resprouts growth, but had no significant influence on resprouts survival rate and dominant resprouts growth. We recommend conducting a harvest of S. superba at <30 cm aboveground level (traditional method). Fertilization immediately following logging or disturbance and artificial resprouts thinning is not recommended for this species.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT In forest science it is important evaluate new technologies from computational science. This work aimed to test a different kind of metaheuristic called Variable Neighborhood Search in a forest planning problem. The management total area has 4.210 ha distributed in 120 stands in ages between 1 and 6 years old and site index since 22 m to 31 m. The problem was modelled considering the maximization of the net present value subject to the restrictions: annual cut volume between 140.000 m³ and 160.000 m³, harvester ages equal to 5, 6 or 7 years, and the impossibility of division of the management unity at harvester time. It was evaluated different settings for the Variable Neighborhood Search, varying the quantity of neighbours, the neighbourhood structure and number or generations. 30 repetitions were performed for each setting. The results were compared to the one obtained from integer linear programming and linear programming. The integer linear programming considered the best solution obtained after 1 hour of processing. The best setting to the Variable Neighborhood Search was 100 neighbours, a neighbourhood structure with changes in 1%, 2%, 3% and 4% of prescriptions and 500 iterations. The results shown by the Variable Neighborhood Search was 2,77% worse than one obtained by the integer linear programming with 1 hours of processing, and 2,84% worse than the linear programming. It is possible to conclude that the presented metaheuristic can be used satisfactorily in a resolution of forest scheduling problem when the best parameters are chosen.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to analyze the stress effects caused by sowing depth and the amounts and in the substrate; characterize the fruits and seeds of Hancornia speciosa (Mangaba); to analyze the germination and the initial development, 150 days after planting. A total of 572 fruits, collected in three localities in the Porto Nacional - TO region, were analyzed for longitudinal and transverse length, fresh mass, number of seeds and seed mass. The results showed values higher than those found in other studies, indicating that the fruits presented larger size and mass, although they presented a higher number of seeds per fruit. Germination potential was analyzed in the laboratory, and the effects of seeding depth and percentage of sand on the substrate, germinability and development were studied in the plant nursery. In the laboratory and plant nursery, respectively, the percentage of germination was 74.4% and 51.5%; mean germination time of 11 and 17 days and synchronization of germination of 2.79 and 2.75. The Weibull cumulative model to express germination behavior of H. speciosa had a good fit of the model to describe the observed data and its parameters (G, , ) served to compare the effect of germination expression on time. Both germination and early development characters should be best when applied at 1 cm depth and add up to 15% sand to the substrate.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT Forest villagers constitute the poorest of the society in underdeveloped and developing countries. Efforts for the rural development of forest villages are important for combating poverty, regulating the relationship with forest villagers, and ensuring sustainable management of forests, since rural people subsist on forest lands. As the most important method of executing an organized movement in such settlement areas, cooperatives represent one of the most crucial actors in rural development. However, it seems that cooperatives cannot provide adequate contribution to the rural development in Turkey. This research analyses the financial performance of the cooperatives operating in the forest villages located within the boundaries of Bucak and Sutculer forest districts, where forestry activities are carried out intensively in Turkey. This study uses the TOPSIS method, which is a multi-criteria decision-making method. The results of the study revealed that the financial performances of all of the cooperatives were low during the years when they were analysed. The most important reasons for low financial performance include the fact that: (i) the cooperatives mainly operated in the field of wood production and the business volume in that field was inadequate, (ii) their capital was insufficient since the members assumed a lower share, (iii) they had challenges accessing constant funds for investment, (iv) the state subsidies decreased, (v) the number of members was low, and (vi) they were unable to compete with large companies.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the moisture content in the mass and energy balance of Eucalyptus wood during the pyrolysis process in a macro-lab scale. Two cylindrical specimens of 30 cm length, 12 cm diameter, and two pre-established moisture contents of 0.83% and 13%, were evaluated. The experiment was carried out in an electric oven, heating rate of 5oC.min-1 and final temperature of 500oC were the process conditions. Mass and energetic potentials of the non-condensable gases flow, were estimated from the data provided by the software Macro Thermogravimetric. The moisture content did not influence significantly in charcoal yields (30.2 e 30.4%). The highest energetic value of the non-condensable gases (2.549 MJ) during wood pyrolysis at 0.83% moisture content, was achieve. Water presence on wood decrease the concentration of the energetic compounds. The total energy concentrated in the charcoal and sub-products was 53% and 47%, respectively. The significant amount of sub-products suggests to consider the mass balance and flow energy compounds in further researches for integration and optimization technologies in both, production and gas burning processes, aiming to generate new industrial mechanisms to improve yield and quality of the products.