Oleoresin prospection in <i>Copaifera</i> sp. trees by using impulse tomography

Martins, Bianca Cerqueira; Santos, Glaycianne Christinne Vieira dos; Latorraca, João Vicente de Figueiredo

doi:10.1590/01047760202127012831

ABSTRACT

Background:

Copaiba oil (Copaifera L.) is a raw material used by pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and energy industries. However, the difficulty in locating the oleoresin reservoirs, is an obstacle to its continued supply, affecting the sustainable commercialization of the product. So, the potential of impulse tomography for prospecting oleoresin reservoirs in the trunk of 18 Copaifera sp. trees was tested, in cross-sections at heights levels 0% (DBH), 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% (1st fork). The impulse tomography prospections (ITP) were performed only at the 0%, in others 12 trees, because of the risk associated with climbing hollow trees. In total 30 trees were tested. Altogether 102 tomograms were analyzed obtaining: average mechanical wave propagation speed (aMPS), minimum mechanical wave propagation speed (minS) and maximum mechanical wave propagation speed (maxS), prospecting height (Hp%) and total tree height (Ht), diameter at the Hp% (Dhp), and low speed mechanical wave propagation percentage areas (LSa%). These variables were analyzed using multivariate analysis.

Results:

The reservoirs were located exclusively at DBH and confirmed by borer prospection increment in 26.7% of the trees. ITP resulted in 37.3% of correct answers and 62.7% of errors, considering the 99 tomograms. However, it was found that the ITP is efficient to indicate sections for which no significant reservoir or hollow presence is expected to be found. The analysis of the main components showed that, except for Ht, the components are good indicators for the location of the reservoirs.

Conclusion:

We were able to use tomography to search reservoirs with a significant amount of oleoresin, identify hollow trees, and indicate the exclusion of trees that do not have reservoirs or other alterations.

Keywords:
Copaíba; Forest resources; Non-destructive methods; Stress wave; Technology

HIGHLIGHTS

The impulse tomography has the potential to be used for the prospection of oleoresin reservoirs.

Oleoresin reservoirs were identified only at the level of the DBH.

Trees with hollow at early stage may have oleoresin content.

53.3% of the trees of this natural population did not present internal defects in the trunk.

[1] ✤ efbicerq@hotmail.com

Category	Condition
	Before	After	Feature
	Before	After	Hollow	Reservoir
P-PH	1	1	1	0
P-PR	1	1	0	1
P-PHR	1	1	1	1
P-AHR	1	0	1	1
A-AHR	0	0	1	1
A-PHR	0	1	1	1

Tree	DBH (cm)	Ht (m)	Speed across (m/s)					LSa %
Tree	DBH (cm)	Ht (m)	aMPS	Sd (±)	CV (%)	minS	maxS	LSa %
A01	90.72	19.40	482	333	69.02	198	1586	30.4
A03	52.52	23.00	412	309	29.92	106	819	13.6
A08	153.43	31.50	804	342	51.55	406	1728	33.0
A09	34.70	20.80	403	248	24.24	218	743	7.0
A11	53.16	23.37	429	189	23.24	172	673	19.2
A17	104.41	32.00	939	137	29.73	455	1722	15.3
A18	70.03	27.00	1123	290	33.46	443	2012	1.4
A19	71.62	26.00	764	388	50.78	262	1995	0.0
A20	64.62	29.30	622	322	40.49	216	1457	30.4
A21	52.84	26.50	939	333	39.64	336	1755	0.0
A22	86.58	31.00	871	342	41.10	337	1646	0.0
A23	53.16	23.38	820	279	37.37	381	1554	7.6
A25	77.35	21.55	599	407	56.83	406	1728	33.3
A27	92.63	30.00	534	372	54.31	220	1030	76.7
A28	109.18	27.00	785	358	55.38	266	1492	50.6
A29	92.31	31.00	758	307	42.47	233	2114	31.1
A04^r	64.30	33.80	492	165	62.92	145	1504	27.4
A05^r	79.58	27.00	439	98	37.54	171	817	4.73
A13^r	66.21	20.30	451	188	44.93	263	1280	60.6
A14^r	74.80	30.38	501	209	49.57	166	1547	65.7
A02^h	43.93	28.00	508	123	72.73	164	1662	46.2
A06^h	120.96	26.00	356	100	53.25	114	693	14.7
*A10^h	29.92	19.50	-	-	-	-	-	-
A16^h	145.79	33.00	484	189	33.33	302	1141	30.4
A15^h	143.88	32.00	389	161	53.67	166	935	2.4
A26^h	113.32	35.00	423	252	32.31	293	1600	23.3
A07h^r	178.89	22.00	304	90	94.52	257	1030	32.0
A12h^r	112.37	23.15	371	287	24.31	177	607	32.9
A24h^r	110.14	30.00	530	376	35.72	260	973	11.9
A30h^r	149.61	30.00	620	340	53.80	298	1589	13.9

PCA Summary				Loadings
PC		%	% accumulated	aMPS	Ht	Hp%	Dhp	minS	maxS	LSa%
1	1.95	27.87	27.87	0.54	0.04	-0.08	0.25	0.41	0.64	0.26
2	1.66	23.77	51.64	-0.31	0.17	-0.53	0.59	-0.18	-0.11	0.45
3	1.19	16.99	68.63	0.37	0.69	-0.16	0.13	-0.33	-0.02	-0.49
4	0.82	11.78	80.41	-0.23	0.63	0.60	-0.03	0.18	-0.03	0.40
5	0.73	10.45	90.86	0.10	-0.22	0.39	0.14	-0.79	0.34	0.19
6	0.48	6.92	97.78	-0.01	-0.21	0.42	0.74	0.21	-0.21	-0.37
7	0.15	2.22	100.00	0.65	-0.09	0.05	-0.02	-0.05	-0.64	0.40