Due to their unique set of properties and characteristics, carbon containing refractories have been a key issue in order that the steelmaking industry could attain its current productivity levels. However, further development of these materials is still necessary, especially due to the increasing pressure on the steelmaking sector to make its processes safer and more sustainable, goals which directly depend on the performance of the refractories used for the iron and steel production chain. Thus, in order to identify opportunities not yet explored, as well as to examine the research lines that have been successful in increasing the carbon containing refractory performance, this paper presents an extensive review regarding likely components of these materials, such as binders, carbon sources and additives. Based on the innovations recently disclosed, it is pointed out the use of combined additions of antioxidants agents and TiO2 to promote the development of phases with special morphologies (such as whiskers), and novel additives that enable the graphitization of the carbon from the thermosetting resins. This latter advance is particularly significant, because it provides to the resins a capacity before exclusive of the coal tar pitch, binder which has been avoided due to the unhealthy conditions that it brings to the steelmaking industry workplaces, as well as to the refractories industry. Among the possibilities of innovation pointed out, it is highlighted the addition of coupling agents to the resin bonded refractories in order to optimize its processability. Such improvement would be particularly important for resin bonded castables, materials that currently have limited applications, but are attracting great interest due to their many advantages over preformed products, which make them an important target for new developments.
carbon bonded refractories; phenolic resins; whiskers; coupling agents
