Genetic analysis of yield component traits in cowpea [<i>Vigna unguiculata</i> (L.) Walp.]

We investigated the genetic control of the three yield components in cowpea: number of grains per pod, pod length and grain size, in a biparental cross. Genetic parameters were estimated in generations of a cross between two contrasting genitors, using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Narrow-sense heritability estimates varied from 27% to 67%, suggesting that genetic gains can be achieved with selection. Pod length and grain size had the highest heritability values and genetic gains. The number of grains per pod is highly affected by the environment. Dominance was detected for all traits, mainly for pod length. However, additive gene effects accounted for more than 68% of the variation in all traits, which are controlled by at least 10 genes. It is possible to improve the evaluated traits via conventional breeding approaches, although large population sizes will be required in breeding stages.

Keywords:
Vigna unguiculata; inheritance; genetic parameters; yield components; plant breeding

Authorship

Samíria Pinheiro dos Santos

Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Avenida PH Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil. Universidade Federal de ViçosaBrazilViçosa, MG, Brazil Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Avenida PH Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.

Maurício dos Santos Araújo ^** E-mail: mauricio.araujo@ufv.br

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7728-2590

Walter Frazão Lelis de Aragão

Universidade Federal do Piauí, Campus Universitário Ministro Petrônio Portella, Ininga, 64049-550, Teresina, PI, BrazilUniversidade Federal do PiauíBrazilTeresina, PI, Brazil Universidade Federal do Piauí, Campus Universitário Ministro Petrônio Portella, Ininga, 64049-550, Teresina, PI, Brazil

Kaesel Jackson Damasceno-Silva

Embrapa Meio-Norte, Avenida Duque de Caxias, 5650, Buenos Aires, 64008-780, Teresina, PI, BrazilEmbrapa Meio-NorteBrazilTeresina, PI, Brazil Embrapa Meio-Norte, Avenida Duque de Caxias, 5650, Buenos Aires, 64008-780, Teresina, PI, Brazil

Maurisrael de Moura Rocha

* E-mail: mauricio.araujo@ufv.br

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables | Formulas

Figures (2)
Tables (4)
Formulas (7)

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Figure 1
Means grouping of the weight of one hundred grains (WHG), pod length (PL) and number of grains per pod (NGP) evaluated in ten cowpea populations of the cross MNC05-828C-1-9-1 × MNC04-792F-146, with standard deviation for repetition means. Means followed by the same letter do not differ from each other by the Scott-Knott test (P < 0.05). F₁ R: F₁ reciprocal; F₂ R: F₂ reciprocal; BC₁ R: BC₁ reciprocal; BC₂ R: BC₂ reciprocal.

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Figure 2
Frequency distribution in F₂ and F₂ reciprocal plants for the weight of one hundred grains (WHG), number of grains per pod (NGP) and pod length (PL) of the cowpea cross MNC05-828C-1-9-1 × MNC04-792F-146.

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Table 1
Number of plants (N), mean (ū) and variance (

\hat{σ}

²) for yield components evaluated in six populations (P₁, P₂, F₁, F₂, BC₁ and BC₂) of the cross MNC05-828C-1-9-1 × MNC04-792F-146

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Table 2
Estimates of variances and genetic parameters for yield components evaluated in six populations (P₁, P₂, F₁, F₂, BC₁ and BC₂) of the cowpea cross MNC05-828C-1-9-1 × MNC04-792F-146

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Table 3
T test of the null hypothesis significance for the genetic parameters based on the means of yield components evaluated in six populations (P₁, P₂, F₁, F₂, BC₁ and BC₂) of the cross MNC05-828C-1-9-1 × MNC04-792F-146

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Table 4
Analysis of variance by non-orthogonal decomposition of the sum of squares (SS) of parameters applying the Gauss Elimination Method, based on the means of yield components evaluated in six populations (P₁, P₂, F₁, F₂, BC₁ and BC₂) of the cross MNC05-828C-1-9-1 × MNC04-792F-146

Thumbnail

Figure 1 Means grouping of the weight of one hundred grains (WHG), pod length (PL) and number of grains per pod (NGP) evaluated in ten cowpea populations of the cross MNC05-828C-1-9-1 × MNC04-792F-146, with standard deviation for repetition means. Means followed by the same letter do not differ from each other by the Scott-Knott test (P < 0.05). F₁ R: F₁ reciprocal; F₂ R: F₂ reciprocal; BC₁ R: BC₁ reciprocal; BC₂ R: BC₂ reciprocal.

Figure 2 Frequency distribution in F₂ and F₂ reciprocal plants for the weight of one hundred grains (WHG), number of grains per pod (NGP) and pod length (PL) of the cowpea cross MNC05-828C-1-9-1 × MNC04-792F-146.

Table 1 Number of plants (N), mean (ū) and variance ( $\hat{σ}$ ²) for yield components evaluated in six populations (P₁, P₂, F₁, F₂, BC₁ and BC₂) of the cross MNC05-828C-1-9-1 × MNC04-792F-146

Populations	WHG (g)			PL (cm)	NGP
Populations	N	ū	${\hat{σ}}^{2}$	ū	${\hat{σ}}^{2}$	ū	${\hat{σ}}^{2}$
P₁	30	25.77	7.62	13	1.38	5.73	2.27
P₂	30	15.72	3.59	18	1.31	12.20	4.64
F₁	14	20.87	9.61	19	1.54	9.37	3.28
F₂	326	20.29	26.17	16	5.06	8.88	6.40
BC₁	21	21.94	20.4	16	3.65	7.75	5.52
BC₂	21	19.64	19.88	19	3.05	11.25	5.50

WHG, weight of one hundred grains; PL, pod length; NGP, number of grains per pod.

Table 2 Estimates of variances and genetic parameters for yield components evaluated in six populations (P₁, P₂, F₁, F₂, BC₁ and BC₂) of the cowpea cross MNC05-828C-1-9-1 × MNC04-792F-146

	Estimates
Parameters	WHG (g)	PL (cm)	NGP
Phenotypic variance	26.17	5.06	6.4
Environment variance	7.61	1.44	3.37
Genotypic variance	18.56	3.62	3.02
Environmental coefficient of variation (%)	13.32	7.13	19.97
Genotypic coefficient of variation (%)	20.81	11.3	18.9
Coefficient of variation ratio	1.56	1.58	0.94
Additive variance	12.05	3.42	1.76
Dominance variance	6.50	0.2	1.26
Broad-sense heritability (%)	70.91	71.51	47.29
Narrow-sense heritability (%)	46.05	67.63	27.57
Average degree of dominance	0.025	-1.42	-0.12
Number of genes	10.71	10.07	10.88
Expected gain with selection*	3.55	2.1	1.04
Predicted mean in F₃ after selection	23.84	18	9.92

WHG, weight of one hundred grains; PL, pod length; NGP, number of grains per pod. * Expected gain with selection of 20% of plants in F₂ generation.

Table 3 T test of the null hypothesis significance for the genetic parameters based on the means of yield components evaluated in six populations (P₁, P₂, F₁, F₂, BC₁ and BC₂) of the cross MNC05-828C-1-9-1 × MNC04-792F-146

	WHG (g)			PL (cm)			NGP
Effect¹	Estimate	${\hat{σ}}^{2}$	t	Estimate	${\hat{σ}}^{2}$	t	Estimate	${\hat{σ}}^{2}$	t
m	18.04	9.05	6.23^**	0.1262	1.55^-4	10.15^**	6.48	2.47	4.12^**
a	5.02	0.093	16.43^**	-0.023	0.2^-5	-15.89^**	-3.23	0.057	-13.46^**
d	4.01	75.74	0.46	0.089	12.79^-4	2.49^*	6.70	20.92	1.46
aa	1.97	8.95	0.66	0.036	1.52^-4	2.93^**	2.48	2.41	1.59
ad	-5.45	8.04	-1.92	-0.011	1.37^-4	-1.008	-0.53	2.33	-0.35
dd	-1.9	35.10	-0.32	-0.019	5.88^-4	-0.79	-3.81	9.89	-1.21

¹
m, mean of all possible homozygotes; a, measure of the additive genetic effect; d, measure of the dominance genetic effect; aa, additive × additive gene interaction effect; ad, additive × dominance gene interaction effect; dd, dominance × dominance gene interaction effect;
σ^
², standard error variance. * and ** Significant at 5% and 1% of probability, respectively, by the t-test. WHG, weight of one hundred grains; PL, pod length; NGP, number of grains per pod.

Table 4 Analysis of variance by non-orthogonal decomposition of the sum of squares (SS) of parameters applying the Gauss Elimination Method, based on the means of yield components evaluated in six populations (P₁, P₂, F₁, F₂, BC₁ and BC₂) of the cross MNC05-828C-1-9-1 × MNC04-792F-146

Variation Source	WHG (g)		PL (cm)		NGP
Variation Source	SS	R² (%)	SS	R² (%)	SS	R² (%)
m	38.9	12.41	103.061	27.68	17.00	8.31
a	270.19	86.17	252.71	67.88	18.36	88.61
d	0.21	0.07	6.24	1.68	2.14	1.05
aa	0.43	0.14	8.62	2.32	2.55	1.25
ad	3.69	1.18	1.01	0.27	0.12	0.06
dd	0.10	0.03	0.62	0.17	1.47	0.72
Total	313.55	100	372.3	100	204.66	100

m, mean of all possible homozygotes; a, measure of the additive genetic effect; d, measure of the dominance genetic effect; aa, measure of the genic interaction additive × additive; ad, measure of the genic interaction additive × dominance; dd, measure of the genic interaction dominance × dominance; S.S., Sum of squares; R², determination coefficient.

{\hat{σ}}^{2}

{\hat{σ}}^{2}

{\hat{σ}}^{2}

{\hat{σ}}^{2}

{\hat{σ}}^{2}

{\hat{σ}}^{2}

\hat{σ}

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Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Fitotecnia, 36570-000 Viçosa - Minas Gerais/Brasil, Tel.: (55 31)3899-2611, Fax: (55 31)3899-2611 - Viçosa - MG - Brazil
E-mail: cbab@ufv.br

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Genetic analysis of yield component traits in cowpea [<i>Vigna unguiculata</i> (L.) Walp.]

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[1] * E-mail: mauricio.araujo@ufv.br