| 10 |
Hemophilia |
Standard |
The EG (n=8) showed greater reduction than the CG (n=10) (d=-0.267) in pain interference. A greater improvement in HRQol (EQ-5D index: d=0.334; EQ-5D VAS: d=1.437) and a trend toward better hemophilia-related QoL were also evident in the EG. |
| 21 |
Brachial plexus injury |
Acupuncture |
There was statistically significant improvement in mean pain intensity from pre-treatment to post-treatment scores in both groups. Pain intensity increased four months later; however, it was still significantly reduced compared to pre-treatment scores. |
| 16 |
Post-operative breast cancer |
Standard |
Between T1 and T4, there were significant differences between the groups in patient-reported outcomes according to PROMIS, favoring the SCT group compared to the standard treatment (p=0.005, p=0.023 and p=0.021, respectively). The results suggest that the use of SCT in the perioperative period decreased pain perception, fatigue and inflammatory cytokine secretion. |
| 19 |
Adult men with burns |
Placebo |
There was no significant difference between the groups in reducing background pain intensity, but there was in background pain quality and pain anxiety in the intervention group during the four hypnosis sessions. |
| 22 |
Adults with intolerable pain |
Mindfulness/
Psychoeducation |
The mind-body intervention group presented significantly lower pain intensity post-intervention than the psychoeducation group (p<0.001, percentage pain reduction: mindfulness = 23%, suggestion = 29%, education = 9%). |
| 13 |
Women with multiple sclerosis |
Standard |
Repeated measures analysis showed significant difference between the groups; pain was lower in the self-hypnosis group, but was not maintained after four weeks. |
| 17 |
Cancer patients or cancer survivor patients |
Educational intervention |
There was significant improvement in pain intensity/interference after the active treatment compared with the control condition on all result measures. Treatment gains were maintained at three-month follow-up.
However, the findings need to be replicated in larger samples of cancer survivors. |
| 8 |
Elderly with chronic pain |
Massage |
Mean measured pain presented the greatest decrease in the hypnosis group compared to the massage group during hospitalization, confirmed by the pain intensity measure before each session, which decreased only in the hypnosis group over time (p=0.008). There was no effect in any in the three months after hospital discharge. |
| 27 |
Chronic pain in palliative care |
Physiotherapy/
Psychoeducation/ Physiotherapy + Psychoeducation/ Standard |
The most prominent results were obtained for patients allocated to the self-hypnosis/self-care group. These patients presented significant benefits in the areas of pain intensity, pain interference, anxiety, depression, and QoL, as well as a greater effective economic benefit from this treatment compared to the other interventions. |
| 28 |
Veterans with chronic low back pain |
Biofeedback |
The combined EGs reported significantly greater reduction in pain intensity than the CG. There was no significant difference between the three hypnosis conditions. More than half of the participants who received hypnosis reported clinically significant reductions (≥30%) in pain intensity and maintained these benefits for at least six months after treatment. |
| 18 |
Women with cancer |
Before and after outcomes |
Analyses revealed (a) significant pre and post-treatment decreases in pain intensity, fatigue, and sleep problems, and (b) that pain intensity continued to decrease from post-treatment to the six-month follow-up. |
| 14 |
Multiple Sclerosis |
Educational Intervention/Cognitive Restructuring |
The worse pain intensity and pain interference were lower after HYP than before treatment or after CONT or CR.
These differences reached statistical significance when HYP was compared to CONT and HYP before treatment for worse pain intensity and when HYP was compared to CONT for pain interference. |
| 24 |
Post-traumatic injury |
Standard |
The pattern of findings as indicated by the effect of the Time × Treatment Condition interaction was statistically significant for the lower pain intensity ratings, but not for the mean pain ratings. |
| 25 |
Spinal Cord Injury |
Biofeedback |
Participants in both treatment conditions reported substantial decreases in pain intensity before and after the treatment sessions. However, only HYP reported statistically significant reductions in mean daily pain pre and post-treatment, and these were maintained at three-month follow-up. |
| 15 |
Multiple Sclerosis |
Progressive Relaxation |
HYP condition participants reported significantly greater pre and post-session as well as pre and post-treatment decreases in pain and pain interference than PMR condition participants, and the gains were maintained at three-month follow-up. |
| 26 |
Muscular pain |
Standard |
The EG improved from their symptoms (change from 62.5 to 55.4), while the CG deteriorated (change from 37.2 to 45.1), (p=0.045). The 12 patients showed a mean improvement from 51.5 to 41.6 (p=0.046). One year later, the corresponding score was 41.3, indicating persistent improvement. |
| 20 |
Fibromyalgia |
Relaxation |
Focused hypnosis with analgesic suggestions has a greater effect on pain intensity than focused hypnosis with relaxation suggestions or on relaxation itself. |
| 23 |
Disability |
Before and after outcomes |
Analyses showed significant before and after treatment changes in average pain intensity, which were maintained at the three-month follow-up. Significant changes were also found in pain unpleasantness and perceived control over pain, but not in pain interference or depressive symptoms.
Hypnotizability, treatment concentration (e.g., daily versus weekly), and initial response to treatment were not significantly associated with treatment outcome. |
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Source: Prepared by the authors.
