| 1 |
Koch et al.88 Koch A, Zacharowski K, Boehm O, Stevens M, Lipfert P, von Giesen HJ, et al. Nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokines correlate with pain intensity in chronic pain patients. Inflamm Res. 2007;56(1):32-7.
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Chronic pain (94)
Healthy controls (6) |
Cytokines (TNF-α, GM-CSF, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, INF-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10); nitric oxide (NO). |
Patients with mild pain x control: increased IL-6
Patient with severe pain x control: significant increase of IL-6 and NO. Non-significant increase IL-1b, TNF-a, IL-2, and IL-4 |
| 2 |
Vaisberg et al.1010 Vaisberg M, de Mello MT, Seelaender MC, dos Santos RV, Costa Rosa LF. Reduced maximal oxygen consumption and overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines in athletes. Neuroimmunomodulation, 2007;14(6):304-9.
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Handball athletes with pain (14)
Handball athletes without pain (41) |
Plasma cortisol; adrenaline; prolactin; growing hormone; dopamine; L-dopa; epinephrine, norepinephrine, cytokines (IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ, PGE2). |
There was no difference between the groups in the hormones;
IL-1, IL-2, TNF-α, IFN, and PGE2 were significantly higher in the chronic pain group. |
| 3 |
Wingenfeld et al.1111 Wingenfeld K, Heim C, Schmidt I, Wagner D, Meinlschmidt G, Hellhammer DH. HPA axis reactivity and lymphocyte glucocorticoid sensitivity in fibromyalgia syndrome and chronic pelvic pain. Psychosom Med. 2008;70(1):65-72.
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Chronic pelvic pain (18)
Fibromyalgia (17)
Healthy control (24) |
Plasma cortisol; salivary cortisol; hormone adrenocorticotrophic (ACTH); inhibition of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis by dexamethasone. |
Plasma cortisol: there was no difference between groups, but with a significant increase after stress. Fibromyalgia group has a higher concentration than the chronic pelvic pain and control.
In the others, there was no statistical difference. |
| 4 |
Anderson et al.1212 Anderson RU, Sawyer T, Wise D, Morey A, Nathanson BH. Painful myofascial trigger points and pain sites in men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. J Urol. 2009;182(6):2753-8.
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Chronic pelvic pain (60)
Healthy controls (30) |
Plasma cortisol; ACTH; salivar cortisol. |
Decrease in ACTH hormonal response, with an average response of 30% less to control.
Regarding cortisol, there was no difference between groups. |
| 5 |
Behm et al.1313 Behm FG, Gavin IM, Karpenko O, Lindgren V, Gaitonde S, Gashkoff PA, et al. Unique immunologic patterns in fibromyalgia. BMC Clin Pathol. 2012;12:25.
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Fibromyalgia (110)
Healthy controls (91) |
Cytokines (IFN-y, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, MCP-1 e MIP1-α). |
The concentrations of most cytokines were lower in stimulated patient samples than in controls. IL-6 was the one with the greatest decrease. |
| 6 |
Malhotra et al.1414 Malhotra D, Saxena AK, Dar SA, Kumar V, Nasare N, Tripathi AK, et al. Evaluation of cytokine levels in fibromyalgia syndrome patients and its relationship to the severity of chronic pain. J Musculoskeletal Pain. 2012;20(3):164-9.
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Fibromyalgia (26)
Healthy controls (26) |
Cytokines (IFN-y, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10). |
IL-6: Mean increase of 242.8% in the patient group when compared to healthy controls. The level of IL-6 correlates directly with the severity of pain.
IL-4: Mean increase of 136.4% in the patient group when compared to healthy controls.
Anti-inflammatory cytokines: There was a statistically significant decrease among the patient group when compared to healthy controls. |
| 7 |
Lundh et al.1515 Lundh D, Hedelin H, Jonsson K, Gifford M, Larsson D. Assessing chronic pelvic pain syndrome patients: blood plasma factors and cortisol saliva. Scand J Urol. 2013;47(6):521-8.
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Chronic pelvic pain (32)
Healthy controls (37) |
Testosterone; MIF (factor of inhibition of the migration of macrophages); cytokines (TNF-α, TNF-β, IL-2, IL-1β); salivar cortisol. |
MIF: Significantly higher in patients than in control.
Testosterone: Less in patients than in control
TNF-α: significantly higher in patients than in control. |
| 8 |
Koike et al.1616 Koike K, Shinozaki T, Hara K, Noma N, Okada-Ogawa A, Asano M, et al. Immune and endocrine function in patients with burning mouth syndrome. Clin J Pain. 2014;30(2):168-73.
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Burning mouth Syndrome (47)
Healthy controls (47) |
Adrenaline; noradrenaline; ACTH; plasma cortisol. |
Adrenaline: significantly lower in patients.
Depression levels significantly associated with plasma levels of noradrenaline and cortisol. |
| 9 |
Sturgill, McGee and Menzies1717 Sturgill V, MgGee E, Menzies V. Unique cytokine signature in the plasma of patients with fibromyalgia. J Immunol Res. 2014;2014:938576.
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Fibromyalgia (105) |
Cytokines (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL -17, G-CSF, GM-CSF, IFN-y and TNF-α); chemokines (CXCL8, CCL2 (MCP1) e CCL4 (MIP1β)). |
There were no significant correlations between cytokine levels and fatigue, depression or stress; there is a trend of significance when we compare levels of cytokines and pain.
After post-hoc analysis, there was a marked reduction of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 cytokines. |
| 10 |
Ciszek et al. 1818 Ciszek BP, Khan AA, Dang H, Slade GD, Smith S, Bair E, et al. MicroRNA expression profiles differentiate chronic pain condition subtypes. Transl Res. 2015;166(6):706-20.e.11.
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Vulvodynia (33),
vulvodynia and irritable bowel syndrome (23)
Healthy control (22) |
Cytokines (MCP-1, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, RANTES, ENA-78, FGF basic, G-CSF, GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-1ra, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17, TNF-α, Thrombopoietin, VEGF endothelial growth factor); RNA expression. |
RNA expression: deregulation of miRNA in VBD affects relevant estrogen pathways, whereas, in generalized pain, it is related to muscle, nerve cells, and glial cells.
IL-8 and IL-1ra were statistically significant between the groups, being higher in the patient group.
Women with VBD and VBD + IBS have increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines. |
| 11 |
Nenke et al.1919 Nenke MA, Haylock CL, Rankin W, Inder WJ, Gagliardi L, Eldridge C, et al. Low-dose hydrocortisone replacement improves wellbeing and pain tolerance in chronic pain patients with opioid-induced hypocortisolemic responses. A pilot randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2015;56:157-67.
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Chronic pain (26) |
Salivar cortisol; plasma cortisol. |
Plasma cortisol: significant reduction in opioid users when compared to control, especially at 60 and 120 min.
There was no difference in salivary cortisol. |
| 12 |
Bäckryd et al.2020 Bäckryd E, Ghafouri B, Larsson B, Gerdle B. Plasma pro-inflammatory markers in chronic neuropathic pain: a multivariate, comparative, cross-sectional pilot study. Scand J Pain. 2016;10:1-5.
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Neuropathic chronic pain (14)
Healthy control (17) |
Cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, and GM-CSF). |
IL-6: significantly higher in patients than in controls.
IL-1, IL-8, and GM-CSF: no difference between the two groups.
A multivariate analysis showed a tendency for patients to have higher GM-CSF plasma levels than controls. |
| 13 |
Park and Chung2121 Park JW, Chung JW. Inflammatory cytokines and sleep disturbance in patients with temporomandibular disorders. J Oral Facial Pain Headache. 2016;30(1):27-33.
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Temporomandibular pain (40)
Healthy control (20) |
Cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α);
C-Reactive protein |
Patients with major changes had higher scores on pain and sleep scores.
The patient group had statistically higher levels of cytokines than the control group.
Cytokines had a significant positive relationship with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI).
IL-10 and TNF-α were associated with the sleepiness scale. |
