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Coffee breeding: VIII - Additional information on polyembryony, germless seeds and empty seeds in Coffea

It is known that seeds with more than one embryo (polyembryonic) as well as germless seeds are found to occur in the cultivated species of Coffea. Fruits with more than one seed per locule (false polyembryony) or fruit locules without normal seeds are also found as well as fruits with only one developed locule (peaberry seeds), or trilocular fruits presenting three seeds. This paper presents the observations made on the frequencies of these abnormalities in several varieties of C. arabica, in C. canephora, C. Dewevrei, C. congensis and C. liberica and also in some interspecific hybrids. C. arabica var. typica was considered as a standard in comparisons made among arabica varieties. As a rule, polyembryonic seeds present two embryos. However, seeds with three normal embryos were also found with very low frequency. It vas observed that 1.19 per cent of polyembryonic seeds occurred in var. typica, while the incidence of this type of seed was 3.47 per cent for var. angustifolia and 3.16 per cent for var. erecta. For other species than arabica very reduced proportions of polyembryonic seeds were found in C. canephora (Robusta coffee), C. congensis (Congensis Bangelan) and in a tetraploid hybrid C. arabica x C. Dewevrei (plant number C 387). Germless seeds were more frequently found in Yellow Caturra, Cera, Yellow Goiaba and Nana, among arabica varieties, and in Kouillou (C. canephora) Congensis Bangelan (C. congensis), C. Dewevrei and in the interspecific hybrid C. liberica x C. Dewevrei. The higher frequency of germless seeds in the Yellow Caturra was limited to a single plant, C. 476-15 and to a few plants in its progeny. This is probably an inherited character. It was observed that typica variety of C. arabica presents 0.21 per cent of fruit locules with false polyembryony. The corresponding percentages for Mundo Novo, Yellow Goiaba and Mokka were 5.34, 4.97, and 4.91 per cent, respectively. In C. congensis Bangelan and C. Dewevrei this abnormality is also found with high frequency. False polyembryony is responsible for the commercial seed type called "elephant bean", which may be formed in fruits with one, two or three developed locules. The frequency of empty fruit locules was 6.60 per cent for typica while Mundo Novo and var. erecta presented 29.50 per cent and 30.00 per cent respectively. Among the other species, C. Dewevrei, C. canephora (Robusta) and C. liberica x C. Dewevrei presented higher incidences of empty fruit locules. The frequencies of peaberry seeds were variable for the arábica varieties, low for C. Dewevrei, and high for C. canephora, C. congensis and the hybrids arabica x Dewevrei and liberica x Dewevrei. Seeds from trilocular fruits were found with higher frequencies in the arábica varieties purpurascens, semperflorens, mokka, and Yellow Bourbon. Unusually high proportions of this seed type were found in certain varieties of C. Dewevrei.


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